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Brad Schoenfeld, PhD Profile
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD

@BradSchoenfeld

90,244
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Following
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Researcher/educator on muscle building and fat loss. Author: "The MAX Muscle Plan" & "Science and Development of Muscle Hypertrophy."

New York
Joined September 2012
Don't wanna be here? Send us removal request.
@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
2 years
The more that evidence accumulates on the topic, the more confidence we have that whole muscle growth is very similar regardless of repetition zone provided sets are carried out with a high degree of effort. Provides a wide-array of options based on preference and abilities 💪
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
5 years
You can build muscle while losing body fat. You can't maximize muscle growth while losing body fat. This is an important distinction.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
2 years
Train hard, train smart, and train consistent with you goals/abilities 💪
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
I received confirmation that I have been promoted to full professor. I feel very blessed to be teaching and researching at a job that I love. I'm especially grateful for my students, who make my career so truly rewarding.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
Having spent over two decades in the field, I am fully convinced that a person can claim pretty much anything about fitness, no matter how outrageous and lacking evidentiary support, and a segment of the population will buy into it as long as you sound confident and convincing.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
2 months
New study shows leaning back in the leg extension (40 degrees hip extension) elicits markedly greater growth in the rectus femoris compared to a typical 90-degree hip angle
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
With the advent of the internet, this unfortunately is how many interpret research
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
From my IG page. I'll admit, I used to be skeptical as well. But the evidence is now compelling on the topic. Please share so we can ultimately put to rest the myth that you can't appreciably build muscle with light loads 💪
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
New study shows that cryotherapy impairs recovery from exercise and that heat enhances it. Evidence is mounting against using cold immersion post-training
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
No, fasted cardio won't get you lean. There, I just saved you the hassle of drudging out of bed at 6 am to exercise. You're welcome and happy New Year!
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
2 years
This message can't be shared enough. Credit to @afaigenbaum for a brilliant image. 💪🏽 #gottalift
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
Our paper on loading recommendations for strength, hypertrophy and muscular endurance officially pubbed. Hopefully it spurs thought and discourse on the topic. Time for a new paradigm...?
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
7 months
Very interesting practical implications! "This work highlights that tissues have a much higher capacity to incorporate exogenous-protein-derived amino acids than previously assumed and that the duration of the postprandial period is proportional to the size of the ingested meal."
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
5 months
Such an important finding: Exercise is comparable to psychotherapy and pharmacology in treatment for depression 💪
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
7 years
Flinging around heavy weights might stroke the ego but it won't maximize hypertrophy. The primary mechanism for growth is mechanical stress. If you can't lift the chosen weight under reasonable control, reduce the load and focus on maintaining tension in the working muscles
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
7 years
It's not the insulin fairy. It's not food processing. From a weight loss standpoint, energy balance rules. Graphic credit to Myolean Fitness
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
2 years
IMHO, no form of exercise approaches the plethora of health-related benefits of resistance training
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
1 year
Basic rule for exercise selection: If the exercise doesn't feel right or causes discomfort, do something else
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
Getting sore does not mean you are growing, and conversely not being sore doesn't mean you didn't have a good workout. Importantly, getting very sore is detrimental to growth, as it impedes performance. Bottom line: Don't chase soreness as an endpoint for muscular gains
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
It's been claimed that eating small, frequent meals "stokes the metabolic furnace" by continually taking advantage of the thermic effect of food. Problem is, it's a myth. As shown, the TEF is the same regardless of whether you eat 3 larger meals or 6 smaller meals. Myth debunked
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
Consume adequate protein from food and there's no need for protein supplementation. Simple as that.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
"Evidence-based" does not mean to simply go by the research. Research only provides guidelines for applied practice. The true evidence-based practitioner synthesizes what we know from research and uses his personal expertise in context of the individual to optimize results.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
2 years
When performed correctly, resistance training is perfectly safe and highly beneficial for children on many levels: ✅ NO, it won't stunt their growth. ✅ NO, it's not just for athletes. ✅ NO, you don't have to wait until the child reaches their teens. Start early... 💪🏽
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
5 years
Sadly, it seems that virtually everyone who has used a fork and spoon at some point in their life seems to feel qualified to give nutritional advice on the internet...
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
7 years
The data are now clear: Light loads are just as effective as heavy for increasing whole muscle size; it's not a debatable point any more.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
2 years
Evidence continues to emerge that training at long muscle lengths has the greatest effect on hypertrophy...
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 months
New study found intense stretching of the pecs (maximum tolerated stretch in a stretch machine) conducted 4x/wk for 15 mins per session produced similar pec hypertrophy to resistance training carried out 3x/wk. Several caveats but still interesting!
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
There is no such thing as "perfect form" for an exercise. There are certain biomechanical principles that should be adhered to for safe and effective performance. But within these guidelines, individual factors will determine the best form for a given person 💪
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
5 years
I posted this a year ago; perhaps shocking to some, but still true today 😉
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
There is compelling evidence that muscular strength is highly correlated with a lower all-cause mortality. Only resistance training has an appreciable effect on strength. Take home: Everyone needs to lift!
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
1 year
The best time to train is when it suits your lifestyle 💪
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
5 years
Actual conversation at the gym: HIM: What is the best rep range for cutting? ME: Rep range is irrelevant. It's all about creating an energy deficit while keeping protein in a higher range. HIM: But how many reps should I do? ME: 😑
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
It doesn't require much time to derive a plethora of benefits from resistance training; our new review just pubbed in @SportsMedicineJ 💪 #openaccess
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
Far too many people take a new study as definitive evidence. That's not how science works. Each study is just a piece in a puzzle. Strong conclusions can only be drawn by analyzing the body of literature in consideration w/the strengths/weaknesses/generalizability of each study
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
7 years
A trainer who makes a client so sore she can barely walk shows he's clueless to processes that create positive neuromuscular adaptations - 1
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
5 years
No, eating carbs at night has no greater effects on fat storage than eating them earlier in the day #ditchthemyth
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
An important point to keep in mind; hypertrophy can be accomplished through a variety of progressive strategies 💪
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
7 years
True scientists are open to changing opinion in the face of emerging evidence. It's not about being right, it's about getting things right.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
Starting my new 18/6 intermittent fasting protocol for the holidays; I'll be refraining from eating from midnight to 6 am 😄
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
Is there really any doubt that exercise is medicine...?
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
I'll just let this one speak for itself 🙂
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
Not sure how so many don't see the flaw in using the diets of our hunger-gatherer ancestors as an ideal nutritional strategy. They did not choose to eat the way they did; it was imposed on them.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
2 years
I'm often asked who to trust for fitness info. This image provides a blueprint for determining whether someone's legit. 💪🏽
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
7 years
Lower frequency training (2 d/wk) resulted in greater overall gains than higher frequency (4 d/wk) with weekly volume equated between groups. Evidence mounting that 2x/wk appears to be a sweet spot provided volume is equated from a hypertrophy standpoint
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
Periodization is a concept, not a defined training model. It's just a way to systematically manipulate training variables over time to optimize a given fitness outcome. As such, there's an almost endless number of ways to structure a periodized routine to achieve individual goals
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 months
Post-exercise hot water immersion enhances muscular blood flow. Conceivably, this may augment muscle protein synthesis and thus enhance hypertrophy (in contrast to CWI, which impairs blood flow and blunts hypertrophy)
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
2 years
Need another reason to lift? "This systematic review and meta-analysis provides the strongest evidence to date that resistance training is associated with reduced risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer-specific mortality." #gottalift
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
All forms of exercise are potentially beneficial, but IMHO no exercise modality promotes as many health-related benefits as resistance training. A very nice paper discussing these plethora of benefits by  @DrChrisBishop , @PaulComfort1975 , @DrTSuchomel , et al
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
2 years
I've done a lot of podcasts over the years; this is one of my favorites 💪
@foundmyfitness
Dr. Rhonda Patrick
2 years
Should we train until failure every time? Taking on an old trope in the weightlifting community, Dr. Brad Schoenfeld ( @BradSchoenfeld ) shares something he changed his mind on: leaving a few “repetitions in reserve” can often be beneficial.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
2 years
Progressing with reps is at least as effective as progressing load over an 8-week mesocycle in trained individuals. Time to reconsider guidelines for progression models? Kudos to our student @DanielPlotkin_ for leading way with a terrific thesis study!
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
If an exercise doesn't feel right, simply switch to an alternative exercise that is biomechanically similar. Exercise selection should conform to your preferences; there are no "must-do" exercises with the exception of when they're specific to competitive goals (e.g powerlifting)
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
5 years
The true fitness professional is always curious yet always skeptical. Most importantly, he’s willing to put personal biases aside and change his opinion when emerging evidence becomes sufficiently compelling 💪
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
2 years
Sadly, this is how many fitness enthusiasts value evidence. Be wary who you get your info from on the internet....
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
No differences in hypertrophy between 4, 8 and 12 RM when volume load is equated, but strength adaptations greater for the heavier loading conditions in untrained men. Similar findings to our previous work in trained men.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
7 years
How to obtain/maintain favorable body composition. Might not be as sexy as most fad diets, but it's what we know works best through science.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
Two words: Dunning Kruger
@PratikxPatel
Pratik Patel
4 years
She’s the Karen of the fitness industry, don’t listen to this garbage
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
5 years
Fitness/nutrition shouldn't be religion: Be skeptical of claims, be open to change
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
1 year
Observation from my many years in the gym: Most lifters would substantially benefit from lightening the load and focus on performing exercises with better form throughout a given rep range
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
5 years
New study shows that a high level of muscular fitness in childhood is associated with better body composition, higher bone mineral density and reduced cardiometabolic risk later in life. So important to start/maintain physical fitness as early as possible!
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
5 years
Solid general guidelines for protein consumption across different populations
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
7 years
The myth that lifting weights somehow stunts an adolescents growth needs to be put to rest. I'm aware of no evidence whatsoever to support such a claim. Fact: Kids can and should lift!
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
11 months
You don't necessarily have to train to failure to maximize muscle development, but you do need to train relatively close to failure (RIR ~2 or less) on most sets 💪
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
What I consider to be one of the biggest keys to success: Surround yourself with motivated, positive, passionate people who are driven to succeed and remove those who are negative from your life.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
5 months
Evidence continues to mount that while you need to train w/a high intensity of effort to optimize hypertrophy, you don't necessarily need to train to failure. New study shows similar gainz training to failure vs a 2 RIR. Important practical implications💪
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
Devastated to learn of the passing of my good friend and colleague, John Meadows. John was a legendary bodybuilder, but more importantly a true gentleman; someone I had the ultimate respect for. His memory will live on in the lives of so many he has touched. Huge loss. RIP
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
Our new meta shows no difference between HIIT and MICT on body composition. Data from over 50 studies! Take home: choose what you prefer. Kudos to my master's students and @JamesSteeleII and @Jozo_Grgic for a massive collaborative effort
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
2 years
It's ironic that some so-called "evidence-based fitness professionals" become apoplectic when a study is published that challenges their preconceived beliefs. You can't be evidence-based if you allow your ego to get in the way of critical thinking.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
Most people want definitive answers to exercise prescription; they don't like hearing "it depends". But in the applied sciences, the specifics will always come down to individual needs, goals and abilities #itdepends
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
Just in case the message hasn't gotten through: Fasted cardio is not the key to getting shredded
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
Research from @JoseAntonioPhD shows consuming protein >4 times the RDA has no effect on kidney function over a 2-year period. Let's finally put the unfounded myth that high protein diets are harmful to the kidneys in healthy individuals to rest.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
Hopefully helps to clear up an important misconception in the general public
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
Our new paper shows training muscles 5 day/wk resulted in superior growth vs 1 day/wk. We have two more papers currently in review on training frequency. Spoiler alert: There doesn't seem to be any hypertrophic benefit to training muscles more than 2x/wk
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
New study shows sprint interval training caused a transition of type 1 to type 2 fibers. Perhaps a paradigm shift in our understanding of fiber type adaptations to exercise
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
Personal observation from current circumstances: We need to be doing a better job of teaching critical thinking skills in our schools, starting at an early age. It is as important, if not more so, than everything else learned IMHO...
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
Nice to receive acceptance on this one. Spoiler alert: No hypertrophic differences between light, moderate, & heavy load training when volume load is equated between conditions. Any way you slice it, the magnitude of load doesn't seem to have much impact on muscle development...
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
It seems anyone who's ever used a fork feels qualified to dispense nutritional advice
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
5 years
The three most important factors in a diet plan: 1. Adherence 2. Adherence 3. Adherence
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 months
Yep, creatine is the only (legal) supplement with good science to back up its use for increasing muscle mass.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
Our new paper shows no benefits to training 6 vs 3 times/week when volume is equated, and in fact biceps hypertrophy was greater in the 3x condition. This refutes findings of the Norwegian Frequency Project, which showed a benefit to training 6x.
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
28 days
Our new study shows superset training elicited similar muscular adaptations vs traditional sets in trained men/women, but took ~36% less time to complete. Important implications as lack of time considered a primary barrier to adherence. Preprint link:
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
Just because somebody gets jacked from a given training program doesn't mean you will too. And just because that person got jacked from the program doesn't mean they wouldn't have gotten even better results from another program. Take home: Beware drawing conclusions from n=1
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
Everyone should choose a diet based on their goals and lifestyle, provided it meets basic nutritional needs. But people need to stop claiming the universal superiority of a given diet over others; such claims simply aren't supported by objective evidence
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
Full text of our paper uploaded to Researchgate. We show lifting very light loads (20% 1RM) is suboptimal for hypertrophy, but training with loads as low as 40% is just as effective as using heavy weights. Suggests a threshold for loading to maximize gainz
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
Jacked guy in the gym tells skinny guy he eats one meal a day. Skinny guy proceeds to eat one meal a day thinking he's going to jacked. Use critical thinking skills to make decisions people... 🙄
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
Be wary where you get your fitness info; just because someone appears to be in good shape doesn’t necessarily mean their advice is sound…
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
1 year
Resistance training appreciably improves flexibility; additional flexibility training may not be needed from a functional standpoint depending on needs/goals
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
1 year
Evidence continues to emerge that resistance training has beneficial effects on virtually every organ system 💪
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
Exhibit A as to why being an M.D. doesn't necessarily mean you have a clue about nutrition
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
6 years
This hierarchy perfectly sums up the importance of nutritional factors on body composition. Too many people obsess on the minutiae without accounting for the basics. Great work by Eric Helms devising the pyramid. Note that Bulletproof Coffee didn't make the cut 😉
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
3 years
Important practical findings: Strength, hypertrophy and muscle endurance can be well-preserved over several months with a relatively minimal dose of exercise in the general population. Empowering for those who are time-pressed
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
My research study for this semester is now a casualty of COVID-19. Over 500 man-hours invested, all in vain; will have to start over from scratch in the fall. A heartfelt thanks to my 17 research assistants and 2 supervisors for all your efforts in helping with data collection
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
Dr. Tony Fauci: "We don't operate on how you feel (about a topic); we operate on what evidence is, and what data is..." #truescientist
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@BradSchoenfeld
Brad Schoenfeld, PhD
4 years
Cold water immersion appears to be detrimental to anabolism and thus may not be a good recovery remedy. Alternatively, emerging evidence suggests heat may actually enhance anabolic processes. Still need a lot more research, but possibilities are intriguing
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