Political scientist at London School of Economics with interests in (i) genocide, war & peace, & interethnic relations; (ii) Africa, development, & kleptocracy.
As a genocide scholar, I have tried to understand the arguments I have read for why Israel’s conduct in Gaza does not constitute genocide. I struggle. The counter-arguments are not difficult. Here are 8 arguments I've heard and what I think in response. 1/n
1. This is a war started by Hamas & Israel is justified in using force in self-defense
Genocides often occur in wars and states that commit genocide usually justify their actions as defensive against some threat. It would also be fair to say the war did not begin on Oct. 7. 2/n
Israel has been occupying power since 1967 and Palestinians too have a right in international law to defend themselves, in this case against unlawful occupation. Recognising the right to use force to resist occupation is not the same as condoning the murder of civilians. 3/n
It also seems improbable, as IDF numbers imply, that the other 30% are ALL combatant men. If civilian men are killed as often as civilian women, then 90% of all those killed could be civilians. This suggests combatants, not civilians are the collateral damage. 5/n
2. Israel targets Hamas, not civilians. The women & children killed are unintended & unavoidable collateral damage.
The UN cites Gaza MoH data that 70% of victims are women & children. This alone suggests that Israel’s differentiation of combatants is problematic. 4/n
3. The shocking statements suggestive of genocidal intent are made by fringe figures in Israel and the IDF anyway does not heed them
In fact, they include statements from the President, the Prime Minister, and the Minister of Defense. 7/n
If Israel wanted to minimize civilian casualties, it could at least try to separate women and children and allow them temporary refuge inside Israel whilst it prosecuted its war against Hamas inside Gaza. 6/n
South Africa also presented video evidence at the ICJ of IDF soldiers dancing and repeating the Prime Minister’s statements and singing ‘there is no such thing as uninvolved civilians’ 8/n
5. Israel allows in humanitarian supplies to support the civilian population.
First, it is very clear Israel initially prevented all aid – food, water, fuel, and medicine - from entering Gaza & relented only after international condemnation. 11/n
7. Israel has the capability to eliminate easily many more Palestinians if it was truly intent on genocide
No state that has committed genocide has ever done so openly. Every single one has tried to hide, deny, or minimize what they are doing while they are doing it. 16/n
Could it not rely more on special forces than on aerial bombardment? All of these methods could reduce the civilian death toll. It begs the question of why Israel chooses the approach it has given the massive civilian destruction that results. 19/19
No resistance group has not used terrain – jungle, desert, forests, or mountains – to avoid attack. Hamas, confined to Gaza, has nowhere to go except underground in such an urbanized space. It would be suicide to fight openly a massively more powerful army. 10/n
Second, UN OCHA reports that after 100 days of war 2.2M Gazans are at imminent risk of famine; water is wholly insufficient; 15 of 36 hospitals are partly operational; & basic medicines are unavailable. Why? 12/n
Even Germany tried to keep the gas chambers & mass executions from its citizens. Israel could not ‘nuke’ Palestine or kill en masse without triggering even stronger international condemnation. A state intent on genocide must give itself & its allies plausible deniability. 17/n
Israel could open or construct more crossings to expedite the inflow of aid if it wanted. It really does seem it is “deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction”. 13/n
4. The scale of civilian destruction is a direct result of Hamas’ use of human shields
Israel claims those killed all are human shields; Hamas says they are not. Can anyone say for certain how many of these tragic victims truly are? 9/n
Reports then that Gazans do not have enough time to move, cannot access online route maps without electricity, & that Israel has bombed areas it deemed safe, seem to ring true. Israel would have read these reports. Yet nothing changes. The deaths continue at the same rate. 15/n
6. Israel gives evacuation warnings &has created safe havens for people
I find this the most persuasive argument. Yet these warnings and safe havens do not seem to be working. More civilians are being killed in this operation than in any of Israel’s previous Gaza campaigns. 14/n
8. Israel has no other way to destroy Hamas
Are there really no choices? Does Israel have to use so many massively destructive 2 tonne bombs; Does it have to fight this war so quickly – where can Hamas go? Could it not use more targeted drone strikes over unguided bombs? 18/n
Thrilled (& relieved) to pin this tweet announcing my book on the Rwandan genocide. It offers a rigorous & comprehensive explanation of how & why the genocide happened and how & why Rwandans participated in it. Cambridge offers the first chapter for FREE!
I'm still waiting to see if this post incurs the ire of the pro-Israel community & I am dubbed an anti-Semite. If I'm not, it's because public opinion is finally turning as Israel's conduct here draws attention to its other cruel policies in the OPT. It took 24K deaths to do so.
As a genocide scholar, I have tried to understand the arguments I have read for why Israel’s conduct in Gaza does not constitute genocide. I struggle. The counter-arguments are not difficult. Here are 8 arguments I've heard and what I think in response. 1/n
#Rwanda
#genocide
Excited to announce my new book on the Rwandan genocide is finally available in print. It draws on many interviews with Rwandans who killed - as well as those who did not.
Fellow scholars, an invitation: Would anyone with relevant expertise be willing to engage in a reasoned, X-based debate on the tragic & ongoing violence in Gaza & Israel? I ask as I was surprised at how much interest a post I made 2 days ago, as a genocide scholar, generated. 1/n
Israel’s defense at the ICJ is that these appalling statements are by fringe govt figures and do not reflect IDF policy. Yet they include the PM and Defense Minister to whom the IDF are subordinate.
This is an incredibly important thread and deserves your time and attention. It is a compilation of calls for the erasure, dehumanisation, dispossession, subjugation and ethnic cleansing of the people of Gaza by the highest officials of the State of Israel. This is a government
@PoliticsIntlLaw
Among genocide scholars, the concept of genocide has long since departed from the restrictive 1948 legal definition critiqued for its focus on specific intent, physical destruction, & ascriptive identity groups. But even by the legal definition, the claim is prima facie strong.
#Rwanda
#genocide
Was Rwanda's genocide solely the product of elite decisions 'at the top' or was there also popular pressure for violence 'from below'? I suggest both in my new book and in a short video podcast here.
We organized this forum to create space for the disageement among genocide scholars on the violence in Gaza & Israel. As you will see, they reflect a range of sharply opposing opinions.
Two more pieces have been published in our Gaza forum. More will appear in the coming weeks. This one by Zoe Samudzi: ‘“We are Fighting Nazis”: Genocidal Fashionings of Gaza(ns) After 7 October’
If you accept, I ask only that we keep the discussion ad rem, not ad hominem. If we could attack the arguments, & not the person, it would be a great example to the rest of the Twitter/X community on this subject. 5/5
#Rwanda
#genocide
27 years today since the genocide.
Did ideologically extreme or racist beliefs distinguish those Rwandans who killed from those who did not? Suprisingly, no. This is one of the many claims about the violence I address in my new book.
So, if you think you have relevant expertise (e.g. genocide, ICL/IHL, Mideast area studies, political violence), I’d like to ask you to consider using your voice to contribute to public understanding of the violence. Please join me on this thread. 4/n
I wrestled long with the decision to engage publicly and suspect it will have consequences for me, perhaps in unprovable ways, for years to come. Still, I feel an obligation to try to make public discussion between scholars on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict less risky. 3/n
Thread
@DalrympleWill
As a genocide scholar, I have tried to understand the arguments I have read for why Israel’s conduct in Gaza does not constitute genocide. I struggle. The counter-arguments are not difficult to summon. Here is what I read and what I think in response. 1/n
News like this helps make all the struggle to get a book out worth it. My thanks to
@erinjenee
and other committee members for their hard work. And mine was a small tome to read!
🏆Our
#ENMISA
2021 “Distinguished Book Award” goes to Co-Winner Omar S. McDoom (
@omarmcdoom
) for his book titled “The Path to Genocide in Rwanda” - Congratulations 🎉! Thanks to the award committee members
@erinjenne
@ahmeterdiozturk
and Jennifer Eggert!
#ISA2022
The responses suggested to me there exists some appetite – need even - within the non-specialist general public for expert views on the violence. I realise many of you with expertise may self-censor for fear of the professional repercussions. I understand. 2/n
The 3 papers are all for book panels. 1. New Books in Genocide Studies, featuring my book Perpetrating Genocide, Tim Williams' The Complexity of Evil, and Omar McDoom's The Path to Genocide in Rwanda. (I'm really looking forward to our discussion
@_tim_williams_
and
@omarmcdoom
)
@martinshawx
If we accept the conceptual expansion of genocide to include social and not just physical destruction, you would be right Martin to say Israel’s genocidal actions did not begin in 2023.
There is a difference between supporting the right of Palestinians to use force to resist occupation & supporting the murder of civilians. The former is lawful; the latter not. Another blow for free speech in the UK.
Today, we took action to proscribe Hizb ut-Tahrir as a terrorist organisation.
The encouragement and promotion of Hamas’ unlawful attacks, and the group’s antisemitic ideology, are appalling.
Being a member and inviting support for the group will be a criminal offence.
Yes, it was a loss. Sid transcended his Jewish identity to see his common humanity with Palestinians. If only more - on both sides - could do the same, there would be more talking and less killing.
‘We Jews Were Not Meant To Be Occupiers - It’s A Shonda’
The late Sid Topol,
@jstreetdotorg
board member and EP of Israelism, shares his Israelism story
Watch Israelism:
The International Studies Association has taken an important stand on the threat to academic freedom posed by ill-founded allegations of antisemitism on university campuses.
@ssen03
@UofGlasgow
@BRISMES
#Rwanda
#genocide
First review of my book is out in African Affairs. The reviewer was careful in characterising my claims and fair in assessing the book’s merits. Neither should be taken for granted in the scholarship on Rwanda. Thanks
@thijsbouwknegt
The International Studies Association has found cause again to issue a statement on the threat to academic freedom posed by allegations of antisemitism & anti-Zionism used to deplatform a scholar when due process is not followed.
@WAlqaisiya
@akbild
'Whether you call it genocide, a crime against humanity or a war crime, the fact remains that large numbers of people are dying and that should be the focus of any policy response' –
@omarmcdoom
on the concept of
#genocide
in relation to
#Gaza
Could it rely more on special forces than on aerial bombardment? All of these methods could reduce the civilian death toll. It begs the question of why Israel chooses the approach it has given the massive civilian destruction that results. 19/19
This new article in
@AfrAfJournal
assesses Rwanda’s remarkable rise post-genocide. Based on interviews with regime insiders and critics, hear their rationales - and rebuttals - for the big strategic choices made and the risks the polarization signifies.
My view on how Sudan's rival elite networks, competing material interests, and the broken political settlement have led to violence.
Sudan: To break the cycle of violence, end the kleptocracy via
@AJEnglish
#LSEResearchForTheWorld
Always good when your research get a little boost from your own university. Nice article summarizing my findings on why some Rwandans killed but others didn't in the genocide.
@aravosis
Thank you for engaging. I think we should try to be equally skeptical of casualty numbers from both sides. As it is, in previous Gaza campaigns, Israeli (Likud-controlled) and Gazan (Hamas-controlled) numbers have been similar. As to combatant status, you are right it is…
Wow. An astonishingly accurate summary of my book in this most recent review in ROAPE. Filip
@freyntje
went to great lengths to get the argument right. Not sth to be taken for granted for those who write on Rwanda.
@freyntje
Thanks! Endorsements that are reasoned and evidenced should count. :-) But, as genocide scholars know, undeserved - and personal - criticisms are an occupational hazard. The politics and emotions just get in the way of reason & evidence.
1. Israel has no other way to destroy Hamas
Are there really no choices? Does Israel have to use so many massively destructive 2 tonne bombs; Does it have to fight this war so quickly – where can Hamas go? Could it use more targeted drone strikes over unguided bombs? 18/n
#Rwanda
#asylum
High court decision in and shame on Suella Braverman. Her family benefited from the UK’s generous immigration policy in the 60s. Sending asylum-seekers to Rwanda is simply an immoral way to deal with the issue.
@ProfDBernstein
Thank you for a reasoned response. I did not say Israel has committed genocide. I said the arguments given for why it is not genocide are readily refutable. I think you appreciate the distinction. As to intent, this can be inferred from choices made. Israel’s choices are…
#Genocide
#Rwanda
Presenting my book on the Rwandan genocide today in Oxford, the African Studies Centre. All welcome. Webinar details below for those interested.
Even Germany tried to keep the gas chambers & mass executions from its citizens. Israel could not ‘nuke’ Palestine or kill en masse without even stronger international condemnation. A state intent on genocide must give itself and its supporters plausible deniability. 17/n
University autonomy is under attack in Russia, Hungary, Venezuela, Turkey, & Sudan. Read our latest statement on what is happening.
@isanet
Academic Freedom Committee
@stephenWalt
Excellent analysis. I would have added to the list stronger anti-American sentiment will not help the US in its long ‘War on Terror’. Unconditional US support to Israel is recruitment rhetoric for militants. Keen to hear your view on the future of US support for Israel?
Deliberative Accountability in Parliamentary Committees via
@YouTube
Further to the announcement of the book, here is the summary in 90 seconds. With music. With visuals. With drama. Kind of like the book itself.
@patriarchyends
Thanks for a reasoned response. On shelters, assuming it would be possible to build a subterranean facility large enough to hold 2.2M people given the blockade, is it likely Israel would bomb them also and claim Hamas was using them to hide or store weapons? And…
@AvivaKlompas
@Israel
@RishiSunak
Could you explain the difference between the 1977 Likud party charter that says there will be only “Israeli sovereignty between the Sea and the Jordan” & “Palestine will be free from the river to the sea?” To my mind they seem equivalent. Neither means genocide.
@freyntje
@bertingelaere
@IOBUA
This is very sad news and entirely unexpected for me. Bert was a terrific researcher and a wonderful colleague. He was far too young to be taken from us. I mourn this loss with a very heavy heart.
@aravosis
Thank you. I did not say the soldiers’ behaviour is proof of genocide. I am saying that those on the ground fighting hear, internalise, and act on what their leaders say.
@NIODamsterdam
A defining event for the field of genocide studies: arguments for decolonizing Holocaust studies; for integrating genocide into the study of political violence; and for re-conceptualizing genocide to cover emerging forms of violence.
Extremists drive this tragic conflict forward on both sides. Israeli ministers call for permanent relocation of Gazans; Hamas refuses legitimacy of Israeli state. Neither means extermination – rather expulsion – but both read as eliminationist. This is ethnic cleansing & criminal
#Capitol
Not a coup or insurrection. More a mob enjoying a moment in the spotlight. But police passivity begs question of double standards (cf BLM response) and, possibily, complicity. Someone must answer.
@zarahsultana
@mehdirhasan
I think many of the responses Zahra has received here confirm her claim regarding rising Islamophobia. Appalling, ignorant, and shameful reactions. Keep speaking truth to power Zahra.
For the first time, a leader will have to answer for serious crimes allegedly committed in Darfur by government forces and allied militias.
This trial is a rare, long-awaited chance for justice.
#Sudan
No resistance group that has not used terrain – jungle, desert, forests, mountains – to avoid attack. Hamas, confined to Gaza, has nowhere to go except underground in such an urbanized space. It would be suicide to fight openly a massively more powerful army. 10/n
1. Israel is targeting Hamas, not civilians. The women & children killed are unintended & unavoidable collateral damage.
The UN cites Gaza MoH data that 70% of victims are women & children. This alone suggests that Israel's differentiation of combatants is problematic. 4/n
Second, UN OCHA reports that after 100 days of war 2.2M Gazans are at imminent risk of famine; water is wholly insufficient; 15 of 36 hospitals are partly operational; & basic medicines are unavailable. Why? 12/n
South Africa also presented video evidence at the ICJ of IDF soldiers dancing and repeating the Prime Minister’s statements and singing ‘there is no such thing as uninvolved civilians’ 8/n
We have spoken up. The International Studies Association has issued a statement on restrictions on academic mobility in China and the state of academic freedom in the Party-state more generally.
1. Israel has the capability to eliminate easily many more Palestinians if it was truly intent on genocide
No state that has committed genocide has ever done so openly. Every single one has tried to hide, deny, or minimize what they are doing while they are doing it. 16/n
Tsnunami in teacup. Minor ethics violation magnified by SB's broad unpopularity. The newsworthy part is the functionary who said NO to a Minister. Some institutional independence.
Sunak under pressure to launch ethics inquiry over Braverman speeding row
@AlexLHinton
@ConversationUS
Excellent explainer Alex! I would only add that the legal claim of genocide is founded on (i) the deliberate deprivation of the necessities of life - water, food, medicine and fuel
(ii) the shocking statements of Israeli cabinet ministers as evidence of specific intent.
1. The shocking statements suggestive of genocidal intent are made by fringe figures in Israel and the IDF anyway does not heed them
In fact, they include statements from the President, the Prime Minister, and the Minister of Defense. 7/n
1. This is a war, started by Hamas, & Israel is justified in using force in self-defense
Genocides often occur in wars and states that commit genocide usually justify their actions as defending against some threat. It would also be fair to say the war did not begin on Oct. 7. 2/n
Academic freedom is a prerequisite for research and teaching. Check out and join academic freedom panels at 2022 ISA, 28 March CT: 9:30am on China, 12:30pm on the digital age, 2:00pm on structural challenges
@isanet
#Brexit
ECJ ruling on unilateral revocation of withdrawal notice has a catch. Revocation only possible if intent is to remain in EU i.e. end withdrawal process. Constitutionally, Parliament can signal intent to remain. But politically, would need 2nd ref. before notice expires.
1. Israel allows in humanitarian supplies to support the civilian population.
First, it is very clear Israel initially prevented all aid – food, water, fuel, and medicine - from entering Gaza & relented only after international condemnation. 11/n
Please join me. The 3 debates addressed are whether 1. Genocide is the product of elite agency or also popular pressure 2. Mass violence is a rational choice or an emotional response; and 3. Extremism is a consequence and also antecedent of violence.
LECTURE | On Dec 1st
@omarmcdoom
(
@LSEnews
) addresses three long-running issues in discussions of genocide. He offers an original perspective using new and existing evidence of the tragic events that took place in Rwanda in 1994.
More information:
If Israel wanted to minimize civilian casualties, it could at least try to separate women and children and allow them temporary refuge inside Israel whilst it prosecuted its war against Hamas inside Gaza. 6/n
@ProfDBernstein
...disproportionate must the action be before one questions the credibility & reasonableness of the stated intent? This suggests that, provided Israel simply asserts an intent, it immunizes itself from the charge of genocide.
Only in the UK and Iran do members of the state religion have an automatic right to sit in the legislature and vote on the country's laws.
Remove Church of England Bishops From The House Of Lords. Sign petition here.
via
@UKChange