A great study of impersonal honesty using the lost wallet paradigm in 355 cities spanning 40 countries (17,000 lost wallets). Big variation across cities, but (almost) everywhere people were MORE likely to return the wallet when it had MORE money in it.
@MichelAMarechal
Is GPT psychologically WEIRD? Using the World Values Survey and other psych measures, we seat GPT within a global perspective. The culturally more distant a place is from the US, the lower the correlation with GPT
@MohammadAtari90
@blasi_lang
@DorsaAmir
Anthropologists have long argued that kinship represents the oldest and most fundamental of human institutions. Does kinship--the organization of families--impact global economic outcomes in the modern world?
Great piece
@AndrewYang
on boys. We are creating a pool of low-status unmarried men with little stake in future. 1/3 of US men are already out of the labor force and more men under 35 live with their parents than a romantic partner.
@JonHaidt
@hoovlet
Jon is one of my favorite people to have discussions and debate with. I find his intellectual engagement to be thoughtful, serious and open minded. Until now I’ve never known anyone with this view.
Humans are cultural learners, who automatically and unconsciously acquire ideas beliefs, motivations, and preferences from those around them. This is especially pronounced during the teenage years. It would be shocking if social contagion didn’t play some role in these patterns.
When I discuss my concern that psychologists and behavioral economists rely on a thin and peculiar slice of humanity in order to understand HUMAN psychology, they often reply with the strong intuition that they (but perhaps not others) are studying “basic processes,” etc.
Puzzling to see the
@TheEconomist
offering an analysis of the impact of cousin marriage without considering the recent work in Economics showing the powerful effects of the practice on economic and political outcomes. Let's review. First, the Economist's discussion:
Is the free exchange of diverse views out in the academy? This open letter, from a supposedly learned society, calls for the silencing and demotion of
@sapinker
based largely on tweets going back a decade.
.
@sapinker
is an exemplary academic, bringing interesting ideas to the public, with nuance. An "open letter" against him in part for tweeting academic studies is unfair.
The replication crisis in psychology (& elsewhere) is widely viewed as a methodological problem.
@mmuthukrishna
& I argue that at the root of the problem lies a lack of theory. Much of psychology lacks a cumulative theoretical framework. the rest follows.
Rates of monogamous marriage in Africa (vs. polygyny) are highly correlated with the proximity to historical locations of Christian Missions. Cannot explain monogamy globally without religion. From James Fenske
An observation: over the last 15 years, led by
@DrNathanNunn
, cultural economists have systematically harvested hypotheses from pre-post-modernist anthropology (so, back when cultural anthropologists had hypotheses) and subjected them to rigorous testing. Important insights...
New manuscript showing that greater social interactional diversity has propelled American Innovation for much of our history (1850-1940).
@_MaxPosch_
@JF_Schulz
When I was doing a PhD in cultural anthropology, I was told that the Ethnographic Atlas was non-sense. True? We correlated traits from EA, observed circa 1900, with the same (or similar) traits from 21st-century global surveys. We find robust relationships
@AnkeBecker_
@DumanBRad
Many psychologists seem very concerned about diversity among their faculty and grad students. But, nearly a decade after the WEIRD People problem was identified as a scientific issue, there's been essentially no change in the diversity of psychology PARTICIPANTS. >90% WEIRD
Teaching people about how evolutionary processes created human nature and our shared humanity likely reduces prejudice, ethnocentricism and racism. Darwin knew this. We are one species. We need more education on human nature & evolution not less.
@NAChristakis
@StevenHeine4
Here's the syllabus that Richard Wrangham and I used to teach "Human Nature" at Harvard. We cover incest, cooperation, social status, violence, war, religion, mating prefs, sex differences, technology, language, sexual prefs & monogamy.
Whatever your theory of human behavior (economists?), it should be able to account for the widespread practices of divination, witchcraft and rain-making rituals. For over 2000 years, philosophically sophisticated elites employed experts to conduct rain-making.
Cognitive Science is a branch of Cultural Psychology and should be renamed "The Cognitive Science of English Speakers". Unfortunately, English is a peculiar language. Let's place English in a global perspective.
@blasi_lang
@leraboroditsky
@MohammadAtari90
@StevenHeine4
Yeah, as predicted. It's worth noting that polygamy (which is mostly polygyny) is the ultimate form of (male) inequality and is not conducive to gender equality. Progressive support reflects what happens when you lack an empirically-grounded theory of human nature.
What drives innovation? The Collective Brain Hypothesis (
@mmuthukrishna
,
@MaximeDerex
) argues that innovation arises from the recombination of ideas that occurs when diverse minds interact and share ideas...
@mattwridley
@tylercowen
The WEIRD scale is out in Psychological Science. If you are a psychological scientist and want to generalize your findings beyond Americans, or whichever narrow sliver of humanity you started with, how can you make the best use of your resources?
@mmuthukrishna
@Adrian_V_Bell
Great paper by
@DumanBRad
, showing what happened when India made a law in 2005 requiring equal female inheritance: more parallel cousin marriage and less labor force participation (fig below).
@DrNathanNunn
@JF_Schulz
. Fascinating implications for Islam&Christianity.
@HarvardHEB
@robertwrighter
's distinction between 'explanation' and 'justification' is CRUCIAL. The tendency to attack researchers who try to explain morally repugnant things on scientific groups as 'justifiers' undermines our ability to understand and thus remedy social ills.
Is Darwin guilty of “offering justification of empire and colonialism and genocide,” as an essay in the journal Science alleged last week? No, I argue in this issue of my Nonzero Newsletter. I also argue that the allegation rests on a dangerous fallacy.
Second, in the Economic Journal,
@JF_Schulz
links cousin marriage to the strength of democratic institutions, voting, civic engagement, etc. More cousin marriage, less democracy. An unintended consequence of the Church's incest taboo on cousin marriage.
Researchers who do work outside the WEIRD world are challenged by reviewers/editors to justify their samples from places like India, China, Poland, Sierra Leone or Amazonia. Such samples can lead to rejection because they're "not of general interest".
@JoHenrich
I was told at a recent job interview that I should not highlight that I work with non-Weird populations b/c “we psychologists care more about universality; fieldwork is for ethnographers.”
Is much of contemporary psychology merely the cultural psychology of societies that are Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Demographic (WEIRD)? Should textbooks be re-labeled to reflect the fact that over 90% of all participants in psychological studies are WEIRD?
Money increases happiness, but Nobelists argued this stopped at $80k. A new paper shows that for the vast majority, the effect of higher income works all the way up with no limit in sight barring scales not going high enough to capture the joy.
Interesting findings on personality variation across 15 nations by Laajaj et al in
@ScienceAdvances
. Kudos to the authors. Imho, they show little evidence for the BIG 5 model of personality outside the WEIRD societies.
Our workshop on the new field of historical psychology. Fantastic group of historians, classicists, economists, psychologists, data scientists and one wayward cultural anthropologist. Held in the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard.
@WalterScheidel
@JF_Schulz
ManyLabs2 is often taken to provide evidence against cross-cultural psychological differences. We had a close look and offer a different perspective. Thanks to the authors for sharing their data!
@BrianNosek
It’s important to keep our scientific understandings of these phenomenon, separate from any moral judgments. Social contagion could play a role without saying whether that ‘fact’ is good, bad or neutral.
The experience of war seems to induce an enduring increase in ritual attendance and the importance of religion in people's lives. Evidence from 3 post-conflict societies.
@BGPurzycki
@Peter_Turchin
@NatureHumBehav
Do the gods of small-scale societies shape cooperation, and if so, how are they different from the gods of world religions? How are these beliefs transmitted? (rituals)
@mnvrsngh
et. al. gives us the Mentawai view (Indonesia).
@azimshariff
@aiyanakoka
@wgervais
@David_S_Wilson
I'd reverse this list.
1. Theory
2. Measurement and ecological validity
3. Preregistration
4. Power
5. Replication
Without explicit theory, you can't properly do
#2
, 3 or 5. Pre-registering and replicating the personal hunches, folk ideas or vague descriptions isn't science
My priority order is:
1. replication
2. power
3. preregistration
4. measurement
5. theory
Progress can be made on all simultaneously, but the order is my weighting for achieving a robust, efficient science as quickly as possible-bc later ones depend some on earlier ones.
Harvard-GMU postdoc integrating cultural evolution, anthropology, economics and psychology to understand global variation in how people think, feeling and reason as well as the kinds of formal institutions they construct.
@JF_Schulz
@mmuthukrishna
@PsychoSchmitt
@NAChristakis
I really enjoyed
@kph3k
's book. A better understanding of genetics and behavior can inform policy in important ways. I recommend
@StevenHeine4
's book alongside.
Right on, but many of those cognitive biases are WEIRD, and likely to be products of cultural evolution, not genetic evolution. So, you need a version of evolutionary psychology that explicitly theorizes cultural evolution and considers how it shapes psychology.
That's right. The entire concept of cognitive biases and heuristics developed in the context of the rational actor model and needs to be rethought from an evolutionary perspective. A few people have called for this from the beginning but it is still a work in progress.
The evidence: in the QJE, Gosh, Squires and their colleagues at UBC: . State legal bans on cousin increased longer-term income. So, such evidence should give
@TheEconomist
or politicians pause.
@DrNathanNunn
I was humbled last week to receive an honorary doctorate from KU Leuven in Belgium. Thanks to KU, the Rector and my amazing nominators, who came from Philosophy and Historical Linguistics.
@DeblockBlock
@HarvardHEB
Humbling nomination video
In 2019, a group of excellent scholars for whom I have the highest respect published a paper in
@nature
on moralizing gods. I was part of a team that raised some questions. Our concerns were just published in Nature:
Gender differences in social preferences (aspects of psychology) expand with rising wealth and greater gender equality. Data from 80,000 people in 76 countries...
Inspired by ethnographic observations of how cooperation really works in small villages, this evolutionary model shows how greed and jealousy can evolve to stabilize larger-scale cooperation, creating favorable condition for cultural group selection.
WEIRD exps show that individuals tend to judge bad side effects as more intentional than good side effects (Knobe effect). When tested in Oceania, the opposite effect arises: good side effects were judged as intentional.
#WeirdPeopleProblem
@eerobbi
Third, Duman Bahrami-Rad, in the Journal of Dev. Economics shows how a change in inheritance laws aimed at decreasing gender inequality instead increased cousin marriage and unintentionally increased gender inequality. Unintended consequences when policy-makers don't get kinship.
Also, of potential of interest on this front, my colleagues and I show that kinship intensity, which in increased by more cousin marriage, reduces economic prosperity around the globe.
Interesting piece in Perspectives on Psychological Science on Cognitive Neuroscience. Who are the participants? Mostly, we don't know. 80% non-reporting. Generic humans? How is it that we are still here?
@StevenHeine4
@slingerland20
@CristineLegare
Great self-reflection on Economics by George Akerlof. As someone who came into economics (Prof for 9 years) from outside, these "sins" are all obvious and right on target.
Really enjoying
@JonHaidt
's and Greg Lukianoff's new book. It's a must-read for anyone concerned about university culture, intellectual freedom, trigger warnings and the mental health of teens and young adults. Engaging and beautifully written.
“I couldn’t agree more.” This was my reaction to, "This View of Life". David provides a magisterial vision for how a broad evolutionary approach can not only integrate the social and natural sciences, but also why this effort is crucial for getting policy right.
@David_S_Wilson
🚨New target article in
@BBSJournal
: "Cultural Evolution of Genetic Heritability" w/
@RyutaroUchiyama
&
@RachelASpicer
Preprint:
BBS:
Long thread, but important topic. Helps to resolve controversies such as IQ differences 1/
The Journal Religion, Brain and Behavior did a special issue on my book, The WEIRDest People in the World. Great commentaries from leading scholars in religious studies, philosophy and anthropology.
@mmuthukrishna
@slingerland20
@ed_hagen
@adlightner
Such virtue-signalling stunts provide the bandwagon-hoppers with the illusion that they are doing something while they actually undermine efforts to fight injustice. They destroy our unity in misguided efforts to achieve ideological purity.
Biologists studying non-humans have to deal with their own version of the WEIRD problem: great piece in Nature by Webster and Rutz highlighting selection biases:
Given that that's hard to physiology and anatomy right by studying WEIRD people, in our exotic environments, we should not be surprised that so much psychological variation is now being documented around the world.
The letter reads like a parody of academic discourse. They open with a dose of innuendo and guilt by association, but then publicly wash their hands. They dissect a scattering of Pinker’s statements, always confidently asserting the least charitable interpretation.
Hey
@aiyanakoka
, I'm an ethnographer. When among Swiss bankers and economists, one adopts the local customs. Some communities require their adult males to tie strips of colorful cloth around their throats and cinch them tight using a special knot, some don't.
Rituals aimed at bringing rain have been common across societies. Even in societies with writing and sophisticated philosophical traditions, such rituals have persisted for millennia. Given the evidence that people perceived these protocols as technologies, why did they persist?
To what degree is the structure of personality a cultural evolutionary adaptation to the diversity of social and occupational niches? As urbanization decreases, the correlation among personality dimensions increases:
Fighting racism and other injustices is hindered by silencing those who offer alternative views or policy approaches that diverge from the local orthodoxy. Instead of calling for a silencing, the signees should dispute
@sapinker
, explain their views, and have the debate.
Great preview of my colleague Dan Lieberman's book "Exercised" in Harvard Mag. If you are interested in living longer and exercising, take an evolutionary approach that cuts through the BS (
@HarvardHEB
@hoovlet
@NicoleBarbaro
;
@TDCapellini
):
Do market integration and impersonal prosociality coevolve culturally as cultural evolutionists have argued? Using folklore and a brilliant collection of market measures (including exogenous variation), my colleague
@BenjaminEnke
nails it.
@mmuthukrishna
@robert_t_boyd
@JonHaidt
How do markets relate to morality?
@BenjaminEnke
analyses historical folklore to find that a society's degree of market interactions is associated with the cultural salience of prosocial behaviour, interpersonal trust, and universalist moral values.
That’s a common misconception. Culture can evolve and adapt to an unconscious process of errors, variation,retention and recombination. The secret of our success is full of examples, and this can be shown in the laboratory.