I study K-12 education.Formerly at Brookings and Kennedy School. Author of Between the State and the Schoolhouse: Understanding the Failure of Common Core.
In 1992, 72% of 4th graders scored below proficient on the NAEP reading assessment. Today, those kids are 40-41 years old. They went on to earn 4-year college and advanced degrees at a rate surpassing all generations before them. My latest post:
Two large urban districts in Florida, predominantly Black and Hispanic, provide mathematically talented students with the opportunity to accelerate through middle school math courses. When these students enter high school...
they will have already completed Algebra I and Geometry. They begin high school two years ahead of students in San Francisco, opening up greater opportunities to take Advanced Placement (AP) courses in later years.
Which system is more equitable?
@DanaGoldstein
The causal connection is faulty. Gifted programs flourished in the late 1960s and 1970s when special ed and bilingual programs also flourished. It was the awareness that the exact same schooling for all wasn't serving all students well that led to G&T.
I've read three times today that about 2/3 of kids read below grade level. That's not true. About 2/3 score below proficient on both math and reading. Proficient is not grade level. The exaggerations lead parents to reject test scores (they know their kids can read).
@DeAngelisCorey
I love when conservatives praise state centralization of education and liberals line up on the side of local control. It's a beautiful thing. Next up, a parade of lawyers making $$$ off both sides.
Many know of Brian Conrad's claims of 'citation misrepresentation' in the CA Math Framework (CMF) but don't know details. In this thread I'll describe just 1 example amongst his 31 pgs of comment (, and some of ). It's egregious. 🧵
"Scoring below proficient doesn’t mean 'can’t really read' or 'struggling to read.' It doesn’t even mean 'below grade level in reading,' one of the milder distortions."
My latest post, "Literacy and NAEP Proficient"
Jo Boaler cannot claim victimhood. Note to young math-ed scholars. Those of you who thought a claim of 2.8 years of progress from summer school was bogus were right! Don't be bullied by the NCTM-Boaler math establishment! Insist on empirical evidence! You are the hope.
Jargon alert. UDL stands for Universal Design for Learning. It's a faddish approach to creating lessons for heterogeneous classes so that all students can "access" the material.
@greg_ashman
has debunked the scant research literature behind UDL.
The 44-year history of the 90th-10th percentile achievement gap on the long term trend NAEP, 9 year olds in math. Starts out huge, narrows into the 1990s, stays flat until 2008, then begins to widen. Blows out in 2020-2022.
Most people don't understand how high NAEP proficient is. A longitudinal study found that those scoring proficient as 12th graders in 1992 (79.0%) earned college degrees by 2000 at about the same rate as those who took calculus in high school (81.1%).
Honest question. Would you be concerned if a student at the end of 2nd or 3rd grade hadn't memorized the letters of the alphabet, and by that, I mean simply knowing them automatically on sight? I would. And no use of strategies (a song or counting on) would alleviate that concern
No, the one room schoolhouse was a hellhole. Ages 3-20 attended about 60 days per year, brought their own books from home, were taught by teachers with little education or training, and suffered in poorly heated rooms in winter and unbearable heat in summer. Horrible!
A much smarter, more equitable policy than Algebra for none. Assign promising students to Alg 1 pipeline and require op-out. | Dallas ISD’s Opt-Out Policy Dramatically Boosts Diversity in Its Honors Classes
@The74
The last time NAEP reported scores for private schools was in 2013. More than one-third (39%) of private school 8th graders scored below proficient. Would that many parents actually pay for below grade level reading skills?
The
#PISA2018
results are out. Generally, countries scored within an expected range given their past records. Except one. The scores are astonishing for B-S-J-G, an acronym for the four Chinese provinces that participated (Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Guangdong).
As I get older, I believe one of the greatest privileges a person can have is enjoying one's work. I have loved my work in education--teacher, professor, think tank researcher--since I was 25. I'm now 67 and work for nobody, but I continue to do research for the pleasure of it.
Knowing the right approach in education is not enough. Never. I'm always astonished at the ignorance of how difficult it is to translate policy into practice, and then practice into producing student achievement.
The assertion that students of color are turned off by math lacks evidence. The NAEP student survey asks students to repond to a prompt declaring, "I enjoy doing math." Here are the results from 2019, grades 8 and 12. Source: NAEP Data Explorer.
Excellent article by Holly Korbey on the the need for practice and memorization in learning foundational math skills. | Should More Time Be Spent Learning Math Facts?
I want to sum up some tweets I've sent today. College and career readiness is a bogus concept in terms of standards and assessment. Proficient on NAEP or state tests is not grade level. I wrote a book explaining:
35 years ago I left a job I loved (teaching 6th grade), a home I loved (near Sac, CA), and friends and family I loved, and a comfortable life to start a PhD program at the University of Chicago. Lot of debt but best decision ever. Opened so many vistas.
Important post by Tim Shanahan. Unfortunate that some popular education pundits pit knowledge and comprehension strategies against each other. They go hand in hand.
We are an hour into the NAEP score release. I've been following this event for years. By this time of night, I'd normally see 4-5 ridiculous false causal claims in reporting the scores. Haven't seen any. Kudos to today's press for careful reporting!
High dosage tutoring seems to be the best bet for recovery. I was especially encouraged by the experiments showing a blend of human and computer tutoring (alternate days) was as effective as all human. Must reduce labor demands to make a wide scale program viable.
To better understand today's battles over reading and math, one should study the reading and math wars of the 20th century. In Oct. 1999, Paul Peterson and I hosted a conference at Harvard that brought together leading protagonists in the 90s debates (and other scholars).
I critique the proposed CA math framework, focusing on how basic facts and standard algorithms are handled poorly. The framework diverges from the state's standards--and from research.
California’s New Math Framework Doesn’t Add Up: It would place Golden State 6th graders years behind the rest of the world—and could eventually skew education in the rest of the U.S., too.
Please note that the CA Math Framework failed to cite the studies summarized in the IES Practice Guides, the best sources of evidence we have for effectively teaching mathematics.
To help students struggling with math, here's an evidence-based practice guide from Institute of Educational Sciences. (Note this does include timed activities.)
Two amazing facts about Rousseau, the father of modern progressive education. 1. He did not attend school a single day. 2. He abandoned his five children, placing them all in an orphanage.
To me, the fact that the two lower quartiles are floundering in math suggests curricular and instructional problems. The increased emphasis on conceptual understanding would be my
#1
candidate for investigation.
Researcher
@tomloveless99
on declining NAEP math scores between 2012 and 2020: “To me, it suggests that beginning a decade or so ago, something went wrong with how we teach math to younger students."
@The74
Kids are better readers today than they were 30 or 50 years ago. But many children struggle to learn how to read. Exaggerations of the number of struggling readers undermine legitimate efforts to improve literacy.
@NickKristof
@bariweiss
@The74
When reviewing statistics on high school graduates, few appreciate the history of the event. It was not until 1950 that more than 50% of the nation's 17-year-olds began regularly earning diplomas. In 1900, it was only 6%-7%, much rarer than graduating from college today.
The standards era protected whole lang. and balanced literature. How did it happen? Louisa Moats explained early in the implementation of Common Core: "the CCSS purported to be consistent with research on learning to read, write, and do math, but actually reflected current 1/4
Jack Diekmann and I exchange views on the studies of Youcubed summer camps. Claims of 2.8 and 1.6 years of learning gains after a few weeks of camp are based on flawed research, emblematic of the CA math framework's research base.
How many of you remember Jonathan Winters? This is one of his funniest clips from early in his career, about the late 1950s. This is a man who inspired Robin Williams to become a comic. Robin adored Jonathan. You will have to turn up the sound to listen to it.
Makes sense. Learning does not happen in sweltering classrooms. BTW, the real historical reason schools are closed in summer has to do with heat. Forget the myth of the agrarian calendar, it's nonsense!
Air conditioning is a vital educational tool.
Students do worse when its hot. Over 13 years in NYC alone, "upwards of 510,000 exams that otherwise would have passed likely received failing grades due to hot exam conditions," and these failures delayed or stopped 90k graduations!
@rpondiscio
A reminder that "proficient" in reading is a dubious statistic, based on NAEP "proficient" established back in the early 1990s. About half of the 12th graders scoring at basic, which is below proficient, on the 1992 NAEP, went on to earn college degrees by 2000.
When I'm asked who is the most powerful progressive education reformer in the world, my answer is not Jo Boaler. It's Andreas Schleicher, who in two decades has managed to elevate PISA's influence over policy, especially the idea that "it isn't what you know that matters...
When I was involved with organizing public events at Brookings, the main problem was audience members giving speeches instead of asking questions. They would come across as wannabe guest speakers.
UC committee rules that three popular data science courses do not "even come close to meeting the required standard to be a 'more advanced' course" and "are more akin to data literacy courses."
More generally, they reaffirm what it takes for a course to validate Alg 2. Notably, beyond data science, they also recommend that statistics courses shouldn’t validate Alg 2. They also give guidance on which courses should count as a “4th year recommended math course”. 3/
Fun fact. I checked with the CA Commission on Teacher Credentialing to see when my teaching credentials expire. I haven't taught since 1988, but I keep renewing them every 5 years. I worry about forgetting. 2025! I also checked some prominent math reformers in CA. Not licensed.
Curriculum reform--and its ensuing debates--is a perennial in education. If I had to name one book that is a good starting point for learning about U.S. curriculum reform movements, it would be Herbert M. Kliebard's "The Struggle for the American Curriculum, 1893-1958."
EdWeek with unfortunate reporting on NAEP scores, hinting that changes in scores might correlate with school closures. Correlation is not causation. And NAEP was not built to test causality, not in this manner. Models with a causal warrant can use NAEP data, but they take time.
Claim
#1
: students lost about 1/2 year of math learning during the pandemic (Kane and Reardon). Claim
#2
: Students can gain 1.6-2.8 years of math learning by attending a few weeks of summer camp. Claim
#1
is credible. I'm skeptical of
#2
.
I'm a big fan of John Star--and a critic of math ed research--but I don't think he's accurate as quoted. The 2.8 years of progress claim from a summer camp is in a league of its own, like bogus miracle medical cures. Been reading this stuff for about 50 years...this is weird.
“Star says the ‘liberties’ Boaler takes are common in the field [of education research].”
Not that it isn’t true, but man, what an indictment of the entire field this defense of Jo Boaler is
What will shock future analysts is how the label "high quality curriculum" was misused. Is there evidence that HQ reading materials teach kids how to read? No, they conform to Common Core. How about the math programs, evidence of effectiveness? No, they conform to CC.
Yep. Prediction: Illustrative Math will skyrocket in market share as it gains CA state adoption as a program in synch with state's controversial math framework.
I totally agree, but phonics instruction is both boring and unnecessary for kids who can already read. The goal is the ability to read; once attained, do not persist with phonics.
When people say "Phonics is boring" or is "removes the love from reading"....
Learning HOW to read give kids the opportunity to love reading.
I volunteer teach 2nd & 3rd gr. intervention at a high needs public school, and this is my own kiddo. He was SO excited to have formed
The SFUSD experiment in detracking math became the centerpiece of a massive PR effort. NCTM held up the district as a model. Op-eds spread the false claim that failure rates had fallen. The district's own Smarter Balanced scores showed disturbing trends.
This is correct. No more reviews by panels using scoring rubrics (such as Ed Reports) or testimonials from state policy officials. We need more reliable evidence identifying reading materials that teach kids how to read and math materials that teach kids mathematics.
Can we stop with the games of creating a rubric and then using it to pretend it says anything substantive about a curriculum?
What we need are more empirical studies of the impact of curriculum on the academic outcomes and the reported experiences of real students.
Classic progressive thinking here. The idea of sitting 5 hours a day is unthinkable. I read at least 5 hours a day, and I do it sitting. Teens spend 5 hours a day on social media or playing video games. Attend a sporting event, see a play or film, read a book, for god's sake.
Ted Sizer urged us to shadow a high school student for a full day or 2 to understand what it's really like to attend a traditional H.S. - & thus how urgent it is to rethink this model of schooling. One teacher did so & emerged shaken. An eye-opening read:
I stated in a Brown Center Report 20-some years ago that we know more about teaching K-3 reading (heavily decoding) than 4-8 reading (transitioning to heavily comprehension). Still true today. The "content rich" ppl are right, but they are also so wrong.
The hype over Finland's educational system was driven by PISA scores. PISA is the favorite international assessment of educational progressives. Its constructivist frameworks reflect the current beliefs of Euro ed ministries. Brown Center Reports covered:
‘Learning outcomes in Finland have declined at a particularly rapid rate in global comparison, reveals a so-called bildung review published by the Ministry of Education & Culture.’
The August 26, 2018 EdWeek article on ability grouping in elementary reading instruction, , contains several problems. This thread describes seven of them. Apologies for the thread's length. 1/15
1/2 New episode with the very knowledgeable Tom Loveless
@tomloveless99
is published! Discussed: National Math Advisory Panel, math wars, 1989 NCTM Standards, California Math Framework, de-tracking, memorizing math facts & more!
@ToddTruitt76508
This paper discusses seven myths about math instruction, but it can also be read as directly refuting the myths that undergird the California Math Framework and modern math reform.
In 1999, an expert panel organized by the Dept of Ed in the Clinton Admin named 10 math programs as exemplary or promising. The programs were constructivist in approach, reflecting the tenets of math reform, with many created via NSF funding. Reaction was swift.
History teachers. Have your kids look at the 1876 election, which was disputed into the next year, ending with the Compromise of 1877. Repubs traded away Reconstruction and the rights of Blacks in the South, in exchange for R. Hayes taking the presidency. Tilden won pop. vote.
If Siri behaved like NAEP performance levels, a very short play.
Me: Siri, what's the temperature outside?
Siri: It's freezing!
Me: Siri, what's the temperature outside in fahrenheit?
Siri: It is 38 degrees.
Me: Siri, what are freezing temperatures in fahrenheit?
Just found this gem of a quote from
@ReadingShanahan
“Reading directors who have decided to commit their teachers to an instructional practice frequently contact me to find out if there is any research supporting that practice. They have already decided the practice must be
@ed_edwardson
@OxnardTweeter
CORRECTION: At the 08/04/21 meeting, the Oxnard School District board was forced to approve an addendum to
@joboaler
's contract.
She went back & required that they correct the error in the original contract -- she collected $40,000 ($5,000/hour) -- not $20,000 ($2,500/hour).
2022 NAEP results are out! And they are bad. Compared to 2019, national average scale score losses were (with the abbreviations I’ll be using later) : 4th Grade Reading (4R, -3), 8th Grade Reading (8R, -3), 4th Grade Math (4M, -5), 8th Grade Math (8M, -8). Three big stand outs.
Want to be a reviewer of math instructional materials for the state of California? 2 groups are being recruited: content reviewers (a PhD in math, stats, or comp. sci) and materials reviewers, teachers holding a CA credential with some exp. with standards.
A lot of innocent sounding advocates on Twitter are funded by outside groups. They feast on NAEP score releases or the release of other education indicators. Policy analysis is slow hard work. Beware the quick fix artists.
I totally agree. Elites think innovation should be imposed on the unwilling via standards, frameworks, and mandates. Truly effective innovations become obvious to practitioners through use. We can't regulate our way to educational excellence.
About 35 years ago, June 10, 1988, I taught 6th grade for my last day. Packed up to move from Sac, CA to Chicago, to pursue a PhD. Sad to leave a job I loved, excited for what lay ahead. UChicago, Harvard, and Brookings brought so many awesome opportunities. Forever thankful.
To opponents of the California Math Framework: three points. Sorry, it will easily pass next week. But now the battle ground shifts to (1) textbook and materials adoption, (2) the $$$ and restrictions the state commits to imp, (3) LEAs, who can ignore the framework if they want.
Recognition for two teachers in my life. I was a squrrely 8-9 yr old. My 2nd grade teacher, Lois Knapp, suggested I stand by my desk when sitting still was too hard. My 3rd grade teacher, Ruth Montgomery, would swing by my desk, drop a pointed adjective (e.g, obnoxious), which
It's troubling that the CA Dept of Ed took this action in the first place. The fact that they continue to defend it is shocking. You are in a hole...stop digging!
Thank you, Jelani Nelson (
@minilek
), for fighting to make sure that students are adequately prepared for STEM majors in college. Just Equations is ideologically driven and serves to weaken math throughout K-12.
1) A workgroup of UC-wide experts writes a report on the inadequacy of certain high school data science curricula as satisfying UC admissions requirements for mathematics. It was chaired by the “Director of Pedagogy” for a data science major who also co-created the most popular
True in England and even truer in the U.S., with its 50 states, 16,000 districts, 90+ thousand schools and 3.2 million teachers. It's a primary reason why Common Core failed, as I explained in my recent book.
I think a lot of non-educationalists think that the national curriculum is a really precise guide to every lesson a student will have, and so getting something "on the curriculum" is a massive deal.
It isn't.
This showed up at work today. Did you send this to me
@C_Hendrick
@P_A_Kirschner
? Thank you! I have my own little library for math students in the education program.