I’ve spent the past seven years mapping out a significant chunk of the math genome.
The mathematical hierarchy is a vast and profoundly interconnected web of topics, where advanced topics depend intricately on more basic ones, which in turn rest on even more fundamental ideas.
I designed the Mathematical Foundations Series to help adults efficiently master all the middle and high school material (including calculus) necessary for university-level math.
It starts with fractions and goes as far as calculus, basic linear algebra, & random variables.
Some tips on how to learn math independently:
1) Active Learning
You don't become proficient in math just by reading books or watching videos like those from 3Blue1Brown or Khan Academy.
This is known as "passive learning."
To truly grasp mathematics, you need to engage in
One of our students recently completed 125 learning tasks in a single day! 🤯
104 lessons, 8 quizzes, 10 reviews, 3 multisteps, 1156 XP in total, and close to 1,000 questions. They also earned bonus XP on 7 out of 8 quizzes.
Try doing that with Khan Academy.😉
A big update to
@_MathAcademy_
's Mathematics for Machine Learning is incoming. The complete list of new topics is below.
Some students were concerned that adding new topics would affect their progress in the existing course. We decided to create a new version of the course to
I’ve spent the past seven years mapping out a significant chunk of the math genome.
The mathematical hierarchy is a vast and profoundly interconnected web of topics, where advanced topics depend intricately on more basic ones, which in turn rest on even more fundamental ideas.
I aim to launch
@_MathAcademy_
's undergraduate-level Probability and Statistics course in around six weeks!
My colleague
@giorgia_tessari
has done a great job helping to scope out the required lessons and questions.
Currently working in the following new topics:
* The
I'm back at my desk today with some exciting news.
MATH ACADEMY IS HIRING!
Math Academy has recently been described as the most important development in math education this century. Our pedagogical approach is based on cutting-edge cognitive learning theory. Additionally,
@sidbing
Welcome aboard!
I'm Alex, Curriculum Director at Math Academy.
I'm pleased you got off to a good start. The way to be successful is to create a habit of learning every day.
Feel free to ping me if you have any questions.
If I'm not around, I'm sure one of my colleagues
Like a bad penny, this post keeps showing up and causing confusion.
@karpathy
advocates that to become an expert at a "thing" (non-specific), one must take on projects and accomplish them depth-wise.
My counterclaim is simple: the "thing" he's talking about cannot be math
Fewer things in education piss me off more than college professors in their ivory towers putting the fear of God into students who just want to learn.
The sooner these archaic forms of instruction are scrapped and replaced with something fit for the 21st century, the better.
@MathMatize
Here's a nice geometric interpretation of matrix diagonalization in R^2.
1) The matrix P^{-1} represents a transformation of the plane that maps v_1 and v_2 (unit eigenvectors of A) onto the standard basis of R^2.
2) The diagonal matrix D represents a scaling along the x- and
I am happy to announce that our suite of high-school geometry-proof topics is almost ready to be launched.
What I love about these topics is they give students their first taste of what we might call "pure math." We start with basic postulates and definitions and build results
Students wishing to study advanced math often underestimate the number of foundational topics they're missing. This usually becomes apparent after they've taken a diagnostic test.
Students in this position must first master any missing foundations before moving on to more
@udayan_w
@karpathy
As an educator, I agree with much of what he has said, but I also have some reservations.
There is a significant difference between "edutainment" and authentic learning, and I agree with that distinction. There’s nothing wrong with indulging in some edutainment, but it’s crucial
@shurensha
No question about it.
At
@_MathAcademy_
, we often joke that Sheldon Axler's book "Linear Algebra Done Right" should be renamed "Linear Algebra Done for a Second Time."
Nice book, but completely unintuitive unless you've a handle on Lin. Alg. from a concrete setting first.
“Bottom-up” or “top-down”? What’s the best approach to learning math? I can answer this from experience.
My biggest mistake when starting my doctoral research was taking a “top-down” approach.
I focused my efforts on a handful of research papers on the frontier of my chosen
I posted this strange-looking equation yesterday.
Now, it may look scary, but it really isn't.
In fact, it can be explained so simply that a child could understand.
Let's dive in!
When learning math independently, try to take as few written notes as possible!
This prevents you from using the notes as a crutch and frees up time for problem-solving, which is where the real learning happens.
Some students find it difficult to take very few notes. If this
Is MathAcademy Worth It?
After 40 hours of learning over two months and accumulating 2,000 experience points, I can confidently say that it's well worth the investment for the right student.
Read my full review:
Exciting news! We're launching an SAT Math course in the next few weeks, just in time for the new school year.
This new course consists of over 400 topics and will give students all the knowledge they need to ace the math section of the SAT exam.
We've also been experimenting
Just to mention, the user here is refreshing their previous knowledge rather than learning these topics for the first time.
- Typically, students (whether adults or children) encountering these topics for the first time would not progress at this speed.
- Additionally, these
One of our students recently completed 125 learning tasks in a single day! 🤯
104 lessons, 8 quizzes, 10 reviews, 3 multisteps, 1156 XP in total, and close to 1,000 questions. They also earned bonus XP on 7 out of 8 quizzes.
Try doing that with Khan Academy.😉
The bottom-up approach to learning goes hand-in-glove with mastery learning.
Mastery learning is one of educational theory's most powerful yet simplest ideas. It emphasizes that students must develop around 90% proficiency in a topic before proceeding to more advanced,
@PhysInHistory
There are a few other well-known properties worth mentioning.
The δ function is the derivative of the Heaviside function (aka unit step function).
Something that's been bugging me for a while: How do you teach two-column geometry proofs to high-school students in an online setting?
I found the answer today: Walk them through some proofs step-by-step (complete with diagrams) and then show how this maps to the two-column
I'm more active on social media for work than ever before. While enjoyable, it can be distracting when you need to get stuff done. The constant urge to check the latest updates is always there.
To combat this, I decided to try the Pomodoro time-management technique.
So far,
The last couple of months have been wild. Thanks to everyone for their support.
I'm on vacation for one week starting today for some much-needed family time.
Forgive me if I take longer than usual to respond to messages.
2) Regular Review
Without regularly reviewing material, you're likely to forget it. Establish a review schedule to ensure you're revisiting content at optimal intervals, which increases the likelihood of retaining the information.
In the US and elsewhere, math students fresh out of high school are often catapulted into proof-heavy subjects like Real Analysis and Abstract Algebra without any training in proof-writing essentials. They often feel overwhelmed, and as a result, many decide not to major in math.
A student recently asked about the best way to learn definitions and theorems.
Whenever recalling a definition or theorem, I never look it up first.
Instead, I always:
1. Write down whatever I can remember purely from memory.
2. Polish what I have until it resembles a
Learning means positive and permanent changes in long-term memory, not simply "following along."
Following along is NOT the same as learning!
This is why most people learn nothing when they watch videos, even if they think they are learning.
I've seen and even experienced
Those who fail to take a bottom-up approach to learning struggle to see deep and meaningful connections between topics.
I mean, what the hell do quadratic equations have to do with the current "AI revolution?"
Quite a lot, as it turns out.
In fact, the relevance of quadratic
4) Mastery of Prerequisites
Many people want to jump into advanced topics like machine learning or university-level probability and statistics from the start.
However, lacking foundational prerequisites can make these courses incredibly challenging.
Metacognitive learning strategies have made me a better mathematician and a better educator.
Metacognition means “thinking about thinking.”
I'd like to discuss six metacognitive strategies that I find invaluable for learning new math.
The double integral of a continuous function f(x,y) over a domain D (if it exists) equals the upper bound of the lower Riemann sums and the lower bound of the upper Riemann sums, which equals the volume bounded by f(x,y).
If you follow one person today, make it
@exojason
.
They'll be comparing him to Steve Jobs one day.
I've met hundreds of entrepreneurs over the years. Many have built successful businesses and are great people.
But out of all of them, I have never met one quite like him.
Whenever I tell stories about staying up with Jason until 2am, 3am, even an all-nighter or two,
hammering critical components of the Math Academy system into place,
doing this for weeks, months, years,
people usually assume I'm talking about working with another person in
Studying worked examples is the most efficient and effective way to learn math.
However, many students don't approach worked examples correctly.
Here are some tips to maximize the worked-example effect.
3) Quizzing
Challenge yourself with regular quizzes to utilize the "testing effect," which enhances your ability to recall information without looking it up.
Aim to derive key results independently.
@thephysicsdream
@readyplayergab
@_MathAcademy_
If you want to be a physicist, you need to learn math.
To learn math, you have to solve problems.
There's no other way.
If you struggle to solve math problems, the most likely reason is that you're missing foundational topics for the problems you're trying to solve.
@sumitdotml
Hi. I'm Alex, curriculum director at
@_MathAcademy_
.
We'd love to have you on board.
I just wanted to mention that there's a 30-day trial period. If we're not a good fit, you can cancel within 30 days and get a full refund. So, there's virtually zero risk to try us out.
If
Our book, "The Math Academy Way," is now available on all good PCs, tablets, laptops, and phones.
Joking aside, this is my go-to reference for all matters related to the science of learning.
I’m writing a book on the science of learning – so far, 386 pages and 172 scientific references (and counting).
It's shocking how much we know about how learning happens, all the way down to the mechanics of what's going on in the brain.
And it’s not just how learning happens,
I was surprised recently when a student said they'd studied calculus in college but hadn't seen a derivation of the by-parts formula for integration.
Here's a simple derivation using the product rule.
Massive updates to our Geometry curriculum are coming soon, including geometry proofs!
One skill students must master is to identify which triangles inside a larger triangle are similar to it. This skill is required for a particular proof of the Pythagorean theorem, which
I have a question for adult students who are learning (or relearning) math by strengthening their foundational skills to prepare for more advanced math in the future.
Are you interested in learning about geometry proofs?
Geometry proofs are typically introduced in high school
This is what can happen when you take a good business and lay off hundreds of employees because you want to "harness the power of AI."
@Grammarly
had a great product. But now, I'm seeing garbage like this daily.
Considering alternatives.
This sounds like excellent advice.
The bottom-up approach to learning applies at all levels and even to Fields medalists.
If I'd heard this when I started my doctorate, I might have saved a lot of time.
Advice I heard an old Fields medalist give to young mathematicians 25 years ago: "If there is even one word in the abstract you don't understand, don't read the paper"
Here's a reality check for those wishing to become a domain expert using a “top-down only” approach to learning.
Research-level math will be entirely out of reach until you’ve mastered the necessary prerequisites.
Top-downers feel that enough exposure to advanced math plus an
@BIG_MATTHEW1
Thanks for the kind words.
Progressing through multiple topics at once is known as interleaving. There's a lot to say about its benefits. I'll post a few screenshots from the MA Way here.
Just a phenomenal product. I wish I could implement this system in every school.
We do,
Comments like these are what make me jump out of bed in the morning. I'm grateful every day that we're helping people achieve their dreams.
Congrats,
@flowermecha
, for smashing through that glass ceiling. But don't stop there; the stars await!
@_MathAcademy_
makes me feel emotional.
All the math I struggled with in my early days. Finally, I understand everything.
It feels like revenge. In the positive sense.
This is very significant to me. In a month, I managed to learn more math than in years.
Attempting an advanced math course without mastering the basics is like stepping into the ring with
@anthonyjoshua
, two-time heavyweight world champion, for a sparring session with a minimal six-week fitness training camp as preparation.
How to get from high school math to cutting-edge ML/AI: a detailed 4-stage roadmap with links to the best learning resources that I'm aware of.
I recently talked to a number of people who work in software and want to get to the point where they can read serious ML/AI papers like
I posted this strange-looking equation yesterday.
Now, it may look scary, but it really isn't.
In fact, it can be explained so simply that a child could understand.
Let's dive in!
@anil__tolwani
@shurensha
Mastery of prerequisites is essential for anyone wanting to truly understand research-level material.
A "top-down" approach might seem more direct. I get the appeal. However, those who take this approach without making any effort to master fundamental prerequisites will quickly
A phrase that's stuck with me recently is "Engagement is a poor proxy for learning."
This is entirely correct. You could also replace the word "engagement" with any of the others on Justin's list.
I've had discussions with people, even educators, who think otherwise. Phrases
Engagement does not imply learning.
Exhaustion does not imply learning.
Enjoyment does not imply learning.
Struggle does not imply learning.
Comfort does not imply learning.
Discomfort does not imply learning.
“Following along” does not imply learning.
What DOES imply
You might think you're "fit enough" to manage and have enough in the tank to get through. Maybe he'll go easy on you?
**Spoiler Alert!** It won't end well, you won't enjoy it, and your boxing skills won't improve due to getting your ass demolished in 10 seconds!
@Hamptonism
Respectfully, I beg to differ.
Quadratic equations with complex roots are an essential foundational topic for much linear algebra, including (for example) Singular Value Decomposition.
Neuromyths persist in education. Ideas that sound plausible and grounded in learning science are often anything but.
The concept of "learning styles" is one of those neuoromyths.
Check out the link in the following post for a breakdown of myths vs. realities regarding
@martinmrmar
Actually, the idea that not everyone learns the same way is a common and widely debunked neuromyth.
People may have different learning preferences, sure. But that's something different entirely.
There's a detailed analysis of the literature here (it's chapter 7 - Myths and
The principle of induction is often described using dominos:
1. If the first domino falls, and
2. the dominos are set up so that if the kth domino falls, the (k+1)th should fall too
this means every domino must fall!
We can use the principle of induction to prove statements
Interesting point by
@ramsetty123
, a former math major. They found that learning proofs is the single biggest hindrance to learning and doing math, even detrimental to learning.
@ramsetty123
@justinskycak
I found your comment really interesting. I'm an applied mathematician, but I also very much enjoy pure math and always have. I recently completed our Methods of Proof course, which places me at the center of this discussion.
Here are some of my immediate thoughts:
Every
@yacineMTB
Ideally, you should learn both.
The geometric perspective requires fewer prerequisites and is easier to visualize than the abstract approach. For this reason, I would recommend starting with the geometric approach.
The abstract approach will be much easier once you have some
Last week, I recommended 4 excellent books for mastering the art of mathematical proof (👇)
I also expressed concerns about the need for universities to better train students in mathematical proofwriting.
A recent (2019) survey by David and Zazkis aimed to quantify the status
In the US and elsewhere, math students fresh out of high school are often catapulted into proof-heavy subjects like Real Analysis and Abstract Algebra without any training in proof-writing essentials. They often feel overwhelmed, and as a result, many decide not to major in math.
This is why we created
@_MathAcademy_
Our system handles all these aspects (and more), which means our students can make incredible progress simply by completing the learning tasks selected by our intelligent algorithms.
@Laz4rz
@pigeonpoop__
@AstleDsa
Just to clarify.
I generally advise against taking notes (e.g., copying pages from a book) as a substitute for solving problems and then using those notes as a crutch when solving said problems. This is not an effective strategy.
If you must take some notes to learn new
@sahil_ohe
This is the knowledge graph that
@_MathAcademy_
's algorithms use to guide students through the mathematical hierarchy.
Behind every node in the graph is a detailed lesson broken into 3-4 stages (called knowledge points). Each topic has about 100 questions for students to
I've been working hard on our upcoming SAT Math course today. We're getting pretty close to launch.
I created a few charts that compare the course to other high-school math courses (traditional sequence).
Examples of linear, multilinear, and polynomial regression using matrices, each explained on just one page.
Code these examples in Python or your favorite programming language to create working models you can train using your own data.
Linear regression first:
Setting up a manual system that handles all aspects of curriculum, review, quizzes, and missing foundations so that it's done optimally for each individual is incredibly challenging, even for just one person.
@andromeda74356
@_MathAcademy_
In fact, that would be really cool! I love it. But as you say, it's quite a bit more niche.
We're planning on introducing a "Just enough math" series at some point, e.g.
"Just enough math for robotics"
"Just enough math for 3D graphics"
"Just enough math for signal processing"
A linear regression problem can be reduced to finding the least-squares solution of the matrix equation Ax = b.
To find the least-squares solution, we simply solve the corresponding normal equation:
A^T A x = A^T b
Here's a beautiful derivation of the normal equation.
Examples of linear, multilinear, and polynomial regression using matrices, each explained on just one page.
Code these examples in Python or your favorite programming language to create working models you can train using your own data.
Linear regression first:
Just to mention, the user here is refreshing their previous knowledge rather than learning these topics for the first time.
- Typically, students (whether adults or children) encountering these topics for the first time would not progress at this speed.
- Additionally, these
@FightFuzzyMath
The first part isn't exactly nonsensical because the answer is correct (1 ÷ 3/4 = 1 1/3).
But how the additional 1/3 is reached is glossed over like it's obvious. It isn't.
If you want to explain this problem visually, this is how it should be done.
@Mrs_Meowmerz
I'm surprised the Professor is making it sound so scary. The basics are not hard if you have the necessary prerequisites. That said, you do need to be strategic about it.
I've attached an illustration we use to describe the principle of induction. A set of dominos is the classic
Examples of linear, multilinear, and polynomial regression using matrices, each explained on just one page.
Code these examples in Python or your favorite programming language to create working models you can train using your own data.
Linear regression first:
@sidbing
Thanks for the update,
@sidbing
, and congrats from all of us here at
@_MathAcademy_
. You're doing a great job.
Do you think you will be done with M4ML by Christmas?
@readyplayergab
@iRammohanSharma
@amorriscode
@_MathAcademy_
@justinskycak
The best practice is to take as few notes as possible. Not only does this prevent you from using them as a crutch, but it frees up lots of time for problem-solving, which is where real learning happens.
As a student studying advanced math, I tried to condense my notes for an
@alribahjack
Good question.
The Foundations Series covers 65% of Calculus I and 40% of Calculus II.
One thing to remember is that Calculus I and II spend a lot of time on various applications (e.g., applications of optimization and rates of change). In contrast, the foundations series
@_mlswe
Make sure you're not burning yourself out.
Learning so much in a short space of time becomes addictive! And 150-200XP per day is impressive (kudos for that). However, it's hard to maintain that pace as the material becomes more challenging.
Remember, consistency trumps
@martinmrmar
Actually, the idea that not everyone learns the same way is a common and widely debunked neuromyth.
People may have different learning preferences, sure. But that's something different entirely.
There's a detailed analysis of the literature here (it's chapter 7 - Myths and
When hiring for your startup, aim to hire people smarter than you. 🚀
A-players hire A-players, whereas B-players hire C-players.
A-players want to work with the best. They know that top talent moves the needle much faster.
B-players feel threatened by top talent and
@vaibhaw_vipul
If anyone would like a second opinion on the best books for learning mathematical proof, I wrote about that here:
(I'm not very keen on Velleman).
In the US and elsewhere, math students fresh out of high school are often catapulted into proof-heavy subjects like Real Analysis and Abstract Algebra without any training in proof-writing essentials. They often feel overwhelmed, and as a result, many decide not to major in math.
@KamStaszewski
@_MathAcademy_
Hi Kamil, You answered correctly. We have a bug that affects quizzes: some correct quiz answers are occasionally marked as incorrect.
Sorry for any confusion or frustration.
@exojason
is currently on the case to squish this bug once and for all.