Empowering Neuro Education: Tips, research updates & book recommendations for Neuro residents, students & specialists. Unlocking brain mysteries! 🧠🔔
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: GBS associated with Campylobacter jejune is more severe than BGS caused by other triggers as it tends to have more motor involvement.
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As shown below, Evan's index is used to support the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus.
NPH triad: cognitive decline, gait abnormality, and urinary incontinence.
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: S1 radiculopathy often presents with low back pain radiating down the back of the leg into the foot, weakness in ankle plantar flexion, and reduced sensation along the leg’s posterior side and the foot's lateral edge. The Achilles reflex is typically diminished or
Erb's (Duchenne Erb) palsy results from neuronal damage to the upper C5 & C6 nerves.
Klumpke’s (Dejerine-Klumpke) palsy causes paralysis of the forearm & hand muscles as a result of mechanical damage to the lower C8 & T1 nerves.
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: most cases of neonatal Erb's palsy
Molar teeth sign: indicate the presence of prominent superior cerebellar peduncles. This MRI finding is pathognomic for Joubert syndrome which is an Autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterized by cerebellar vermis hypoplasia resulting in ataxia, polydactyly, hypotonia,
Remember that sensory action potentials are intact in patients with radiculopathy due to a lesion proximal to the root ganglion with a distal cell body and axon.
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Gaint Panda sign is an MRI findings thst can be seen in patient with Wilsons disease.
- high signal intensity of the tegmentum
- normal hypointense red nuclei forming the eyes,
- preserved signal intensity of the substantia nigra pars reticulata forming the ears
- hypointensity
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: The Froment sign is a clinical test for ulnar nerve dysfunction. When a patient attempts to pinch a piece of paper between their thumb and index finger, flexion of the thumb at the IP joint indicates weakness of the adductor pollicis, suggesting ulnar nerve compromise.
Nicely explained!
The cremasteric reflex is triggered by stimulating the anterior thigh, leading to the ipsilateral elevation of the scrotum via the cremaster muscle. The involved nerves and spinal cord level are detailed below.
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Hockey 🏒 stick sign:
It refers to the hyperintense signal involving the pulvinar and dorsomedial thalamic nuclei bilaterally on FLAIR, in cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which has the shape of a hockey stick.
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: The pudendal nerve, originating from S2-S4, provides motor and sensory innervation to the perineum. Injury, often from compression or trauma, can lead to pudendal neuropathy, causing neuropathic pain and allodynia in its territory.
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Neurocysticercosis is a leading cause of epilepsy in endemic regions. Remember to consider it in patients with new-onset seizures, especially with a history of travel to or residence in areas where Taenia solium is prevalent. Early detection is key!
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Shuddering attacks are a benign condition seen in infants and young children. They involve shivering movements with bilateral fine tremors, sometimes accompanied by stiffening of the upper limbs. The cause is thought to be linked to CNS immaturity. If recorded on EEG, myogenic
Dawson fingers: Multiple sclerosis
Radiographic feature of demyelination characterized by
Periventricular demyelinating plaques distributed along the axis of medullary veins
Perpendicular to the body of the lateral ventricles and/or callosal junction.
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Marchiafava–Bignami Disease is a rare condition typically marked by demyelination and necrosis of the corpus callosum. It can result from chronic alcoholism or malnutrition. Symptoms often include non-specific motor or cognitive issues, hemispheric disconnection syndrome (such as
Oligoclonal bands are immunoglobulins. Their presence in the CSF indicates CNS inflammation. Sensitive but not specific for multiple sclerosis. They can be found in the list of diseases below. It must be compared to CSF electrophoresis.
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Check out this visual guide on Tauopathy, α-Synucleinopathy, and Amyloidopathy Aβ! 📊
🔬 Protein Involved
🧩 Diseases
🗺️ Brain Locations
🧬 Pathology
📦 Cellularity
Made by me, support with a retweet!
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The key difference between neurogenic and non-neurogenic orthostatic hypotension is heart rate. In neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, the HR minimally changes compared to non-neurogenic etiologies.
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Riddoch phenomenon, also known as statokinetic dissociation, refers to the preserved ability to perceive motion in a patient with cortical blindness. These patients are not able to distinguish any other features of that object in their blind visual field.
Riddoch phenomenon is
Anisocoria greater in the light: parasympathetic pathway lesion.
Anisocoria greater in the dark: sympathetic pathway lesion.
Approach to anisocoria:
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Non-ketotic hyperglycemia seen in Diabetic type 2 patients can cause rare basal ganglia dysfunction that can present with hemiballism. Appear as hyperintense lesion in T1, DWI and SWI and iso/hyper/hypointense in T2.
Symptoms resolve with normalization of blood sugar.
dextromethorphan/quinidine (Nuedexta) is FDA-approaved for the treatment of pseudobulbar affect seen in ALS patients. SSRI and SNRI are rsed off-label too.
The mechanism of action of dextromethorphan/quinidine in the treatment of PBA is unknown.
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Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are events thought to have mainly psychologic origins. They clinically mimic epileptic seizures or syncope but are not associated with abnormal neuronal activity or reduced perfusion to the brain
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Transient edema with restricted diffusion in the cerebellum, hippocampus, and basal nuclei can be observed on MRI in patients with illicit drug intoxication. The prognosis is variable.
Cerebellar Hippocampal and Basal Nuclei Transient Edema with Restricted diffusion (
#CHANTER
)
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by a gradual combination of psychiatric issues, cognitive decline, and abnormal movements. It is an autosomal-dominant condition resulting from an expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the huntingtin gene (HTT)
Classification of palatal tremor:
NB: symptomatic PT is caused by the disruption of the dentato-rubro-olivary pathway. It can be associated with hypertrophic olivary degeneration.
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Donald Duck Sign---> Rhombencephalosynapsis
📋 Rhombencephalosynapsis:
- Rhombencephalosynapsis is a rare congenital (present from birth) condition affecting the cerebellum, a part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement and balance.
- The vermis is the central part