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Marcos López de Prado

@lopezdeprado

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Professor @Cornell @BerkeleyLab . Sovereign Wealth Fund. Machine Learning for Asset Managers ( @CambridgeUP ). Advances in Financial Machine Learning (Wiley).

New York, USA
Joined May 2018
Don't wanna be here? Send us removal request.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
6 months
I would like to thank the readers of The Journal of Portfolio Management for the "Outstanding Paper" award that they gave to my article "Where are the Factors in Factor Investing?" The full monograph, on which the article is based, is available here:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
A common misconception is that the risk of overfitting increases with the number of parameters in the model. In reality, a single parameter suffices to fit most datasets: Implementation available at:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
In preparation for the Fall 2020 semester at Cornell University, I've updated all slides for "Advances in Financial Machine Learning" (ORIE 5256, School of Engineering). They are downloadable for free at:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
11 months
Why do Factor Investing strategies fail? To find the answer, read "Causal Factor Investing" (Cambridge University Press, 2023). This monograph can be downloaded for free here:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
The greatest danger to finance workers is not automation. Their greatest danger is other (likely younger) workers with coding skills. People who can process large amounts of unstructured data, perform high-throughput tasks, and work alongside algorithms.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Alex Lipton and I are excited to share the first closed-form solution to the problem of finding the optimal trading strategy for mean-reverting processes: It should be helpful to market makers in particular, and execution traders in general.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
All 10 seminars of 'Advances in Financial Machine Learning' have been updated, for the Fall 2019 course at Cornell University (ORIE 5256). They can be downloaded for free at . More materials available at
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Just received the printer proof for the cover of the Cambridge book. Forthcoming March 2020. It can be pre-ordered through Amazon: I hope you like it!
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Financial systems are extremely complex, with an overwhelming number of variables and non-linear interaction effects. In this context, correlations are a blunt tool for modeling financial codependence. This seminar introduces more powerful measures:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
What are the difference between Forecasting and Nowcasting? Is Nowcasting just short-term Forecasting? Answers below, in a nutshell. For additional details:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
6 years
I feel truly honored, grateful and humbled by JPM's award. I hope it serves to draw attention to the many applications of financial machine learning.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Backtesting is not a research tool. If a strategy does not perform well in a backtest, do not tweak it (overfit) until the backtest looks good. Instead, investigate how the research process misled you into backtesting a false strategy. Fix the research process, not the strat.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA), UAE's biggest sovereign wealth fund, has appointed a Cornell University professor, Marcos Lopez de Prado, as global head of quantitative research & development, the fund said on Tuesday.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Many problems in finance require the clustering of variables. Despite its usefulness, clustering is almost never taught in Econometrics courses. In this seminar we review two general clustering approaches: partitional and hierarchical.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Seven investment problems where Machine Learning beats traditional methods (analytical solutions, econometrics, etc): 1. Hedging 2. Asset allocation 3. Outlier detection 4. Bet sizing 5. Feature importance 6. Default probability 7. Execution, HFT Can you suggest other examples?
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Many quant funds have performed poorly during the #COVID19 selloff, because they confound research with backtesting. In the scientific method, the purpose of testing is to refute a hypothesis, not to help formulate it. Backtest overfitting is ubiquitous:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Most asset managers build portfolios using historical (backward-looking) correlation matrices. To correct this problem, the TIC algorithm computes forward-looking correlation matrices, implied by knowledge graphs:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
AI-Powered Hedge Funds Vastly Outperformed, Research Shows. Hedge funds using artificial intelligence returned almost triple the global industry average, Cerulli found.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
There are three fundamental ways of testing the validity of an investment algorithm against historical evidence: a) the walk-forward method; b) the resampling method; and c) the Monte Carlo method. To learn more about their pros and cons:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Many quantitative firms have suffered substantial losses as a result of the COVID-19 selloff. In this note, Prof. Lipton and I highlight three lessons that quantitative researchers could learn from this episode.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Decades ago, machine learning (ML) algos were black-boxes. In recent years, researchers have developed approaches that make ML as transparent as classical regression. This seminar explains how Shapley values enable ML-driven induction and abduction:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Most discoveries in finance are false due to p-hacking. This seminar explains how machine learning methods can overcome the flaws of p-values, and facilitate the discovery of new theories:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
3 years
The False Strategy Theorem states that, with enough number of backtests, any Sharpe ratio level is achievable, even if the underlying investment strategy is unprofitable. Find the new paper published at The American Mathematical Monthly:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Cornell Engineering students will soon be enrolling in the Fall 2020 courses. Here are some of the topics that they will learn at ORIE 5256 (Advances in Financial Machine Learning).
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Nice article. A key takeaway is that @CliffordAsness ' position is supported by a public track record. @nntaleb 's position is based on "selective leaked information." That does not mean that Taleb is wrong, but given AQR's transparency, Taleb has the burden of proof. Worth reading
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@opinion
Bloomberg Opinion
4 years
The best way to guard against so-called black swan events is a matter of perspective
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Is a Sharpe ratio of 2 better than a Sharpe ratio of 1? Not necessarily. Sharpe ratios are not comparable, unless we control for 3 variables: T, skew, kurt. The probabilistic Sharpe ratio (PSR) provides a coherent way to compare investment performance:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Please join me on June 10 @ 11am ET for an interview with Prof. Frank Fabozzi, editor of The Journal of Portfolio Management. We will discuss how machine learning is revolutionizing finance.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Very few market makers experienced losses during the #COVID19 selloff. They learned their lesson after the flash crash of 2010, and turned to nowcasting for managing real-time risks. COVID-19 should be the quant's Sputnik moment. Forecasting is the past. Nowcasting is the future
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Traditional portfolio construction techniques (e.g., Black-Litterman) tend to produce unstable solutions, with high rebalancing costs. This paper introduces a machine learning algorithm for the robust estimation of the efficient frontier.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
After only 12 days, the book has been downloaded by more than 16,500 readers. A big thanks to everyone for your interest, support, and amazing feedback! Please get your FREE copy here (until May 6, 2020):
@CambUP_Econ
Cambridge Economics
4 years
New Cambridge Element Machine Learning for Asset Managers, by Marcos M. López de Prado, out now! Read for free for the next 4 weeks at #cambridgeelements
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Eight ways to interpret the output of an ML algorithm: 1) PDP 2) ICE 3) ALE 4) Friedman's H-stat 5) MDI, MDA 6) Global surrogate 7) LIME 8) Shapley values @ChristophMolnar makes a convincing case that ML algorithms are not black boxes, contrary to popular perception.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Financial ML tip: When data is scarce, prefer classification methods over regression methods. By discretizing the target array (y), we train the algo on a larger number of examples per target level. If you also need to predict the size of the effect, add a meta-labeling layer.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
If you are familiar with econometrics and wish to transition to machine learning, this paper is your road map: For each analytical step of the econometric process, there is an equivalent step in machine learning analysis.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Finance will change dramatically over the next five years. Hundreds of thousands of financial jobs are expected to be automated by 2025. It is important that finance employees are retrained to work alongside algorithms.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
3 years
Is it possible to train machine learning models using tiny datasets? Surprisingly, the answer appears to be yes: This finding could have profound implications for financial machine learning, where datasets tend to be small and stationarity local.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
3 years
Key difference between (classical) statistics and machine learning: how they approach the bias-variance tradeoff dilemma. Generally speaking, if you know the data-generating process for certain, use statistics. If not (e.g., finance), use machine learning.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
2 years
Are you an "association quant" or a "causal quant"? The answer depends on the type of empirical evidence that you produce to support your findings. If you wish to become a causal quant: 1) Read here: 2) Register here:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Francis Galton discovered the concept of Correlation in 1889. Ten years later, Karl Pearson wrote a paper warning that Correlation is not Causation. While most statistics books incorporate this warning in the first chapter, subsequent chapters tend to ignore it. Theories matter.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
RenTec's Medallion fund is up 24% YTD. In this interview, Prof. Simons explains how Medallion uses machine learning:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Do not forecast what you can nowcast. First, develop a strategy assuming that you had perfect foresight of a predictor (e.g., unemployment). Second, use machine learning to nowcast the predictor. Third, replace the perfect foresight with the nowcast.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
“Top 25 Best Machine Learning Books You Should Read”
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
By popular demand, I have expanded the explanation of Meta-Labeling in Session 3 of Advances in Financial Machine Learning (Cornell University, ORIE 5256): In particular, I explain how Meta-Labeling can transform a weak predictor into a strong predictor.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Machine learning (ML) is often misused in finance: . However, the current crisis in financial research was not caused by ML. It was caused by the misuse of classical statistics: . If applied correctly, ML can help solve this crisis.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
This short paper reviews 10 applications of financial machine learning: The presentation can be found here: Could you please propose additional applications?
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Compare an algo that forecasted a change of 1 for a realized change of 3, with another algo that forecasted a change of -1 for a realized change of 1. Both algos made an error of 2, but only the second lost money. In finance, predicting the sign is often more important than size.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
A comprehensive introduction to machine learning:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
1 year
In February 2018 "Advances in Financial Machine Learning" came out. Five years later, it is still a very popular volume among practitioners and academics, with translations in Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, and Polish: A big thanks to all my readers!
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Presentation slides for "Machine Learning Asset Allocation": Full paper available at
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
This seminar explains the pitfalls of standard portfolio optimization, and how machine learning can overcome those pitfalls:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
The financial economics literature confounds backtesting with theory. Even if backtests produced accurate and representative measurements of a strategy's performance, they wouldn't tell us why the strategy made money. No matter how many years long, a backtest proves nothing.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
3 years
A brief video introduction to the HRP algorithm for asset allocation: For the original white paper, see:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Machine learning algorithms can deliver robust estimates in cross-sectional studies. In this Monte Carlo experiment, RANSAC achieves an accuracy of over 95% in the presence of 25% outliers. In contrast, OLS' accuracy drops to 60%. See the video at
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Aaron Brown argues that Universa's claimed 4,144% return in March 2020 is bogus, because the base used was the monthly premium paid. The true return was a mere 12.8%, vs. an average monthly loss of .22%. Not the first time we see Black Swan claims busted:
@justinaknope
Justina Lee
4 years
Aaron Brown fires another measured, smart salvo in the tail risk funds debate Those Astronomical Returns Aren't What They Seem
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
A popular belief is that Machine Learning is more prone to overfitting than Econometrics. In reality, Econometrics is more likely to overfit due to its: (a) reliance on train-set error estimates, and (b) assumption that only one trial has taken place.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
I respectfully asked @nntaleb to publish his track record, in support of his claim that his Black Swan strategy is profitable. Just as he did with @CliffordAsness , his response was to engage in personal attacks, and incite the attacks of his followers. Disappointing.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
@JamesMarsh79 @nntaleb Funny, @nntaleb has fewer citations in SSRN: SSRN rankings: This is a distraction. The real issue is, where is the empirical evidence to support that Black Swan strategies work? Taleb, I wish you every success. @CliffordAsness
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
I’m excited to join the faculty of Cornell University, as professor of practice at the School of Engineering:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
I look forward to my testimony to Congress this Friday, where I'll explain how AI is transforming finance, and the impact it will have on America's jobs and competitive advantage. Follow the testimony live here:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
6 years
The first issue of the Journal of Financial Data Science is out. You can download the articles here:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Why do most Econometric investments fail? Are they not supposedly founded in science?: This seminar explains the 7 reasons Econometric investments disappoint, and what could be done to correct this situation. Can you suggest other reasons and solutions?
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Ashutosh Singh and @JacquesQuant have published a nice notebook on Meta-Labeling: I recommend it to anyone interested in boosting the Sharpe ratio of their investment strategies. Great job, and thanks for sharing!
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
6 years
A sincere thank you to my readers! One year after the publication of "Advances in Financial Machine Learning," the book still ranks among Amazon's top 5 bestsellers in Investments, Finance and Machine Learning. My pledge to you is to continue writing about problems you send me.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Podcast on Machine Learning and the future of finance. By via #soundcloud
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
To a larger extent than other mathematical disciplines, Statistics is a product of its time. If Francis Galton, Karl Pearson, Ronald Fisher and Jerzy Neyman had had access to computers, they would have created an entirely different field: Machine Learning.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
3 years
Prior to their launch, the strategies underlying factor investing ETFs delivered average annual excess returns of approx. 5% (i.e., in backtests). After their launch, average performance is 0%. For more information on Finance's replication crisis, see
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
3 years
If you are interested in blockchain technologies, there is one book that you need to read: Professors Lipton and Treccani demonstrate their mastery of the subject, and provide tangible examples of how blockchain can replace many legacy technologies.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
3 years
This plot shows the Deflated Sharpe Ratio (DSR) on strategies with Sharpe Ratios of 1.5, 1, and .5 computed on 10 year backtests. The conclusion is that, in most cases, as few as 3 trials are enough to produce an investment strategy that is likely false.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
In this video, the good people of @QuantConnect demonstrate how to build a Nowcasting strategy based on one of my seminars. I won't comment on the specifics of this particular strategy, but overall the video should be of interest: #MachineLearning
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
In this webinar, I discuss three quant lessons that we can extract from COVID-19:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
2 years
When making a scientific claim, not all types of empirical evidence presented in support of that claim are equally strong. Some types of evidence are more susceptibility to being spurious than other types. For more details, see section 6.5 here:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
There is an unresolved contradiction at the heart of financial economics. First, we are told that market are extremely efficient. Second, we are told that simple regressions suffice to extract billions of dollars in annual profits. Most econometric results are spurious by design.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Many financial events are as unpredictable as earthquakes. By collecting unstructured observations from 1000s of sources, Nowcasting provides early warning systems. This can help investors hedge before panic ensues, and exchanges halt trading before circuit-breakers are needed.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Prior to commissioning the strategy, evaluate its probability of a false positive: After its deployment, monitor the following: * probability of alpha decay * probability of strategy drift * probability of a regime switch
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Chen and Pearl [2013] found that six of the most influential Econometrics textbooks make fundamental mistakes, like confounding correlation with causation, or prediction with causation: . This confusion is widespread among articles in econometric journals.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Please join me for a CFA webinar on Machine Learning Asset Allocation.We will review the two main sources of instability in portfolio optimization, and how machine learning achieves better outcomes out-of-sample compared to traditional methods.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Only a couple of days left... Please make sure that you get your legal FREE copy of ML4AM from Cambridge's website. After Wednesday, they'll remove the link, and copies won't be free. Enjoy!
@CambUP_Econ
Cambridge Economics
4 years
New Cambridge Element Machine Learning for Asset Managers, by Marcos M. López de Prado, out now! Read for free for the next 4 weeks at #cambridgeelements
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
"Crowding is most likely an important factor in the deterioration of strategy performance [...] We identify significant signs of crowding in well known equity signals, such as Fama-French factors and especially Momentum."
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
The impact of AI on financial jobs:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
The Bloomberg Quant Seminar series organized by Bruno Dupire is always a great opportunity to learn about new developments. On May 28th, I joined Alex Lipton, Peter Carr, Harvey Stein, Ioanna Boier, to cite a few. You can watch the event here:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Congratulations to all authors included in JFDS' new issue: JFDS has become the primary reference in financial data science because of our contributors' work. Thank you for expanding the frontiers of data-driven investing.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
CLASSICAL STATISTICS (left): Correct specification+predictive variables are not enough. If you miss a single interaction effect, the forecasting power out-of-sample may be zero. MACHINE LEARNING (right): Just provide predictive variables. To learn more:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Despite of this year's extreme gains, the overall performance of "Black Swan" hedge funds continues to disappoint. An alternative is to develop regime-specific strategies, by using nowcasting to switch between different algorithms:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
It is time for @nntaleb to stop making sensationalist claims about Black Swan strategies, and publish his full track record. Taleb's arguments are far from strictly academic. As a co-owner of Universa, he has a conflict of interest. He benefits financially from these claims.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
The "finance experts" vs. "data scientists" controversy is pointless. Rather than picking one, learn to use both. Tournaments provide an elegant solution, by splitting the investment problem into two specialized tasks, one for finance experts and the other for data scientists.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
3 years
Hence a major reason econometric investments often fail:
@ChristophMolnar
Christoph Molnar
3 years
We assume linearity
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Please join me on May 28th at 17:30 ET for a FREE seminar at the Bloomberg Quant (BBQ) series. I'll discuss how ML-based portfolio construction methods accomplish a substantial reduction of the mean squared error, compared to traditional methods:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Two recent studies on Hierarchical Risk Parity (HRP): 1) 2)
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
Compute the distance between 2 correlation matrices. def corrDist(corr0,corr1): num=np.trace((corr0,corr1)) den=np.linalg.norm(corr0,ord='fro') den*=np.linalg.norm(corr1,ord='fro') cmd=1-num/den return cmd
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
What's the difference between backtest overfitting (BO) and backtest hyperfitting (BH)? BO: Each researcher runs millions of backtests, and report only the best ones to the company. BH: The company picks the best backtests among the already overfit backtests.
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Machine learning has an important role to play in finance. It solves the bias-variance dilemma without relying on unrealistic assumptions, even on small datasets. This presentation explains how:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
2 years
Thank you to the over 1,500 people who registered to ADIA Lab's inaugural seminar, titled "Can Factor Investing Become Scientific?" To learn more, visit: * Slides: * Manuscript: * Paper:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
Asset Management: Tools and Issues (World Scientific, 2020) provides a gentle introduction to the world of quantitative asset management: More publications on the topic can be found here (many of them for free):
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
5 years
This is problematic, because many popular econometric methods regularize fitted functions by counting the number of regressors (eg AIC, aR2). This paper shows that those classical approaches are misguided. Model complexity is not necessarily a function of the number of regressors
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
6 years
The Journal of Financial Data Science will publish its inaugural issue in the next few days. Authors include Harry Markowitz, Cam Harvey, Anthony Ledford, Ananth Madhavan, Sanjiv Das, Gordon Ritter, Petter Kolm, and many others. I hope you like it!
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
1 year
For a theory to be scientific, it must declare the falsifiable causal mechanism responsible for the observed phenomenon. With that in mind, this paper ranks the empirical evidence in finance, based on their scientific support:
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
4 years
A closed-form solution for optimal mean-reverting strategies
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@lopezdeprado
Marcos López de Prado
3 years
"HRP delivers highly diversified allocations with low volatility, low portfolio turnover and competitive performance metrics." For the original study, see:
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