THOUGHTS ON COACHING -
a thread 🧵
Having participated in several 140 character back and forths with coaches, I thought I would post my thoughts on coaching, skill and learning, to get a conversation going, so here goes!
Interesting take on coaching from a cognitive psychology perspective. But I would like to offer an alternate view from a different skill acquisition perspective. 🧵
In the video below Burnley manager Vincent Kompany is coaching one of his centre backs
In this thread, I'm going to take you through a model of learning accompanied by some teaching techniques that could be used by Kompany to better help this player learn his coaching points
👇
“Scanning” is the new buzz word in ⚽️
This has perpetuated a plethora of drills where players have to “check their shoulder” whilst passing in a prescribed sequence (back and forth, or a-b-c).
Here is a short thread explaining why this doesn’t work IMO 👇
TECHNIQUE IS NOT “the correct way”, IT’S “a way” TO PERFORM THE MOVEMENT TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM.
The problem “being” solved is most important, how it is solved is irrelevant. Don’t restrict your players from finding different solutions, that’s ultimately what skill is.
Coaching through an Ecological Dynamics lens 🧵
What should I pay attention to when coaching through an Eco D lens? What does coaching look like using this theoretical viewpoint?
👀👇
How to get loads of likes on a coaching drill:
1. Use a cool looking program to draw it
2. Call it “good team name” drill
3. Make sure it is rhythmical, repetitive clean and organized
4. Hope no one with a background in skill acquisition and practice design comments on it
🤦🏻
METHODS ARE DRIVEN BY YOUR BELIEFS AND ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT SKILL LEARNING
Therefore, understanding how people learn and perform movement skills is the foundation to your coaching and should be thoroughly explored. Basing your activities/drills on faulty beliefs is a problem.
Ok one the best players in the world told probably the best manager in the world to “shut up” after he kept yelling “pass the ball, pass the ball”
Now we just need 8 year olds to do the same to their parents!! 🤣
In coaching, the “why” is so important.
When designing activities, ask yourself “why are you doing this?”
If the answer is muscle memory, fundamentals, correct technique, you should read the many resources available that explain why this rationale is flawed
This has been doing the rounds on here. But, I think “evidence informed practices” are the 🔑 not necessarily degrees. A degree in e.g. sport science is obviously helpful, but encouraging coaches to engage in the literature and apply ideas is best.
SKILL IS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PERFORMER AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
Therefore, your practices/ activities/ drills, need to represent this relationship. Practicing skills decoupled from the environment doesn’t make sense as that is where the information for decisions exists.
FUN GAMES ARE GREAT SKILL DEVELOPERS
Zombie tag is a great game that teaches dribbling, agility, spatial awareness etc without actually teaching those things specifically.
ANY FORM OF TAG IS THE BEST AGILITY GAME EVER.
I agree kids should be getting touches outside of practice, but kicking against a wall in practice? such a waste of time and resources. Passing between players would be better than that, and passing back and forth is not great.
@MovementMiyagi
it’s not just your football! 🏈
Back to the technical basics in the 1st part of our session today. Even at this level, we focus on those fundamentals. We take these videos to break down the technique for players in real time, slowing down and rewinding to fine tune as they train.
#SKS
#Slavia
#SKS2010
🔴⚪️⚽️
Coaches, what is the fascination with technical drills at the 6-10yo youth level?
Why drills instead of games? What are the drills developing and how does what’s “learned” transfer to the game?
Let me know your rationale, truly interested in the why.
#beliefsdrivemethods
SKILL IS EMBODIED AND EMBEDDED
Skill is unique to each individual’s organismic constraints (embodied).
Skill is embedded in the performance environment.
Therefore, performers must be afforded the opportunity to explore their own way to solve the movement problem.
I think as coaches we need to remember that all the “moves” we try and teach kids, came about organically by people messing around and trying to solve problems. We weren’t needed in that process of creativity. SO, we need to add value to the learning process.
TECHNICAL ACTIVATION
A term thrown around right now in ⚽️ circles.
But what is it grounded in?
Here is a link to the fifatraining center explanation, I will unpack a few issues I see with it
.
BE PART OF THE DISCUSSION, THE GOAL IS FOR EVERYONE TO GET BETTER
Coaching is an ego-oriented activity, we are supposed to know what we are doing. Traditional practices are often not grounded in evidence and that is what coach educators are trying to help fix. Let’s work together
KEEP MOVEMENTS AND DECISIONS COUPLED.
Perception-action coupling, means they are inseparable, so should not be practiced separately. Practicing a movement (passing, dribbling, shooting) without the information used to make decisions is practicing a different skill all together.
SKILL IS INFORMATION DRIVEN
So, all practice activities/ drills (hate that word) should have the same/ similar sources of information that are used in the game. Opponents are the greatest source of information in any sport.
This is a top professional coach talking about designing practices that are interactive/alive with environments they will experience in competition.
Perception 🔄 Action coupling.
In Ange Postecoglou's view, training is about equipping players with tools so that in games, they find answers within themselves! Training blocks designed to prepare the team for any opposition; the week isn't just about the next match (you never know what might happen). CREATE
1v1 Activation: Repetition without Repetition
Don’t let the GKs know who the ball is going to
Pass the ball in at different speeds and angles to encourage:
✅ First time finish
✅ Touch & finish
✅ Touch & dribble
✅ Different angle
Gk works off the touch or pace of pass
Grading papers on coaching and many say they would be "uncomfortable" coaching a sport (e.g. soccer) that they didn't have strong knowledge about.
Why don't we place the same importance on knowledge about skill learning theory, which should underpin your practice design?
Dear “technical” trainers. When you tell players to do “moves” against cones, there is no context, so they don’t understand when that is useful. Then they play for us on the weekend they try to do stupid stuff at the wrong time. It doesn’t help.
Thanks every coach of a team.
SKILLS DO NOT BECOME AUTOMATIC
A common belief is that repetitive practice develops automatic skills (see first post). This belief in automaticity, leads to methods that align with it , i.e. repetitive drills of technique. If the belief is incorrect then so are the methods.
REPRESENTATIVE DESIGN IS VERY IMPORTANT.
Action fidelity - movements in the game are represented in practice activities.
Functionality - same information used in games is present in practice activities.
After some good feedback and interactions on my coaching thread, I wanted to have a deeper dive into some of the ideas. Join in, add your Q’s and thoughts, LET’S GO!
#1
- METHODS ARE DRIVEN BY YOUR BELIEFS AND ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT SKILL LEARNING
Q for coaches:
1a. What is a barrier to moving away from a technical drill-based model and toward a game-based practice model.
1b. How can educators and peer coaches facilitate this change?
E.g.
receive pass, play back
Scan for def behind who chooses a target player (to block passing lane)
Receive 3rd pass and turn/pass based on info you picked up from scan
Can add a 3rd def option, pressing the central receiver, which they should simply play the ball back.
Example 2
I play over the river groups 4s or 5s, where two of the receiving team must be in the river with 2 defenders (penetration preventers!) to play through the river.
This creates a 4v2, 2v2 in river and 2 receivers. Once played through 2 Att in river join their team
"In a special Liverpool way, we can be successful"
These 48 seconds from Klopp's first press conference are magical.
His legacy is the man who turned doubt in belief.
USE CONSTRAINTS
Manipulating game rules, dimensions, # of players (e.g. 5v3, 7v4) etc, presents different affordances for action. Set problems, don’t provide solutions and let them work through trying to solve it in different ways.
REFLECT ON YOUR BELIEFS AND ASSUMPTIONS
Why do you believe in your particular methods? Is it grounded in skill learning theory?
“because I saw a Premier League club do it on YouTube” is not good rationale for your coaching choices.
PRESCRIPTION DOES NOT DEVELOP SKILL
Instructing and/or designing activities that follow set sequences (A to B to C) does not transfer to the game. Players make good decisions by practicing making decisions not following instructions.
Brilliant! Framework instead of prescriptions.
Soccer coaches check out my redesign of US soccer’s principles of play diagram. Irrelevant of your style of play, we need to teach intentions, the concept of space and information driven D/Making. Check out
Principles of play are the overarching strategies used to achieve the goal of winning the game e.g. ‘’keep the ball alive” or “stretch the opponent”
Using principles rather than set tactics gives the players flexibility in how they execute and doesn't over constrain them
REPETITION DOES NOT DEVELOP SKILL.
Skill is adaptable, therefore, movement problems can be repeated but not solutions. This concept is called repetition without repetition. Players must find varied solutions to the same problem, which has huge implications for activity design.
The goal of practice is for the skills worked on to TRANSFER to the game.
They should show up IN the game.
When skills are practiced in sterile, decomposed environments, the likelihood of transfer is significantly diminished.
If repetitive drilling of correct tech is good for confidence, how do we deal with the psychological fall out when that confidence is found out to be false in a dynamic game?
Surely more “live” movement problems can give confidence but also build resilience too as they will fail
Success at u9 is not winning games
Success is the players themselves making decisions based on what is going on in the game - attuning to information if you will - this can only be achieved by having them make similar decisions and actions in practice
Prepare them for the future!
So you’re telling me that errorless, repeated, isolated drilling of correct technique doesn’t work hhmmmm
I wonder who has been saying that for a while now 🤔
Really enjoyed
@drchrisbertram
CPSS Ch.26 on finding flow through the manipulation of challenge/skills ratio.
“AI shows that optimal rates of learning occur at 15% error & 85% success rate during training...Data from human learning studies provide some support for this ratio.”
I feel a lot of unopposed, drills based coaching is due to a limited reflection on how these “techniques” transfer effectively into a game environment. Watching kids dribble slowly towards a cone, do a stationary double step over and then go around it is PAINFUL TO WATCH!!
A common belief of coaches is that drills, such as passing patterns, help players “see the picture” that can then be applied in a game setting.
I want you to think of it like a painting 🖼️ 👇
Coaches are quick to associate themselves with successful players, but take very little responsibility for those that drop out due to what we do as coaches!
“As many as possible for as long as possible” that should be our focus.
The more I talk about it in my coaching class, the more convinced I get that High Performance Environments (Pro basically), is not a good place to get ideas for youth sport.
They have completely different goals and have to manage physiological load more intently.
#coaching
Q. If you 👀 a coach doing something you know (based on evidence AND expertise) is ineffective, would you say something/Q it?
Berating a kid after a mistake?
Poor planning of a session?
Using sprints as punishment?
Practice drill design?!
If not how do we reflect on our coaching
You can do all the cones, bags, and ladder drills in the book, but nothing gets you ready like live reps.
Get in open space and use your skillset to score
Understand your leverage and your ability to close that space
You need to do football drills to get better at football.
@GrayFThomas
@ShakeyWaits
perception-action podcast - I hope Rob realizes (and we do too) how much he has contributed to this area.
The “two skill acquisition approaches” presentation on YouTube is a must watch to understand how theories influence methods.
🔑💡for practice activity design:
Activities should allow for multiple solutions to achieve task goal, not the same one over and over.
This includes so called “technical” work. E.g. Passing - can you include some variability in target location, distance, length and pass speed?
An interesting discussion on isolated vs game. I don’t think asking current expert coaches what they do is good empirical evidence for a particular type of practice. As
@_ToddBeane
said in the 🧵 there needs to be evidence for practice tasks……so here you go
#coaching
#soccer
Burden of Proof ✏️
For coaches doing 30 min of isolated “skill drills” at youth team trainings.
▪️ Please share any research that suggests that skill is best acquired and applied via isolating a technical action during team trainings.
Post any links you find. 🙏
#TOVO
“In North America, we practice pretty and play ugly. If we want to improve our game, let’s practice chaos.”
Seven-time Stanley Cup Champion Barry Smith on developing hockey sense.
WATCH:
Presented by
@StateAndLiberty
Prioritizing “technique” over “skill in context” is misguided IMO.
@CalJonesJudo
“the context is the mould that shapes how they perform the skill”.
The Q? must always be….
Will this transfer to competition?
#coaching
#soccer
#sport
@Mr_Tennis_Coach
I think I shared this before but encompasses US Soccer’s (borrowed) principles of play with the addition of some universal principles - goal, intentions, space, relationships, transition (which I think should be taught first). Happy to send the slide deck if interested.
@AlexJSarama
knowledge drop
"When the evidence is referenced, many coaches become defensive and point to their extensive experience of (INSERT SPORT HERE) vs The Science. Combining experience WITH empirical evidence is the best way to advance our sport".
Is there a better inspirational place to write a paper about skill acquisition than a new playground, watching my 2 movement explorers find solutions based on their own unique constraints!!!
#ecologicaldynamics
Best advice an
@InterMiamiCF
academy kid got from Lionel Messi
“Walk more, because then you see more”
Gibson (1979) “we must perceive in order to move, and we also move in order to perceive”
Affordances don’t emerge unless we move!
It is a self fulfilling prophecy when we over coach kids so they don’t explore and problem solve themselves, and then we complain that they aren’t “technical” or don’t know any “moves”, so we have to coach them those “moves”. Create the right environment and they will emerge
How to change this… hmmm 🤔
2 people, wanting to develop varied finishes at the basket….
Maybe they could go against each other and provide each other different defensive looks with varied levels of pressure. 🤷
Coaches we need to read the skill acquisition literature!!!
Really good stuff
Practical finishes at the end of drives
Footwork
1. Speed Stop + Step Through
2. Speed Stop + Reverse Pivot
3. Speed Stop + Step Through + Reverse
(Via
@IowaSkillsAcad
🎥)
I am coming to the realization that youth sport problems don’t need pro/academy solutions.
It’s time to stop looking at the highest level for answers to grassroots problems. So many great coaches and academics that work with this population - why look elsewhere?
Tough love is not a thing. There are times to raise voice, expect more and push for improvement - BUT it has to built on trust and within a psychologically safe environment.
Poor statement IMO.
Just because your coaches yell at you doesn’t mean they dislike you as a person. They may be giving you tough love because they truly care about you and want you to improve.
I hope this helps! 👍🏻
1. Stop holding cones up for players to name
2. Stop making players check shoulder for no reason
3. Stop prescribing repetitive single solutions
#soccer
#coaching
#scanning
Finally one I feel comfortable sharing!! Coaches look how easy it is to design a small game to make scanning functional. No need to hold cones up and ask what color any more!! HOORAY!!! 🎉
A great reflection on technique by
@CalJonesJudo
in response to a post!!
“the context isn't something to plug in once their technique is solid, but the context is the mould that shapes how they perform the skill”
Scan and name color of cones 🤦🏻
Very popular at the moment. However, that is also not the information/droids 😁 you are looking for. Does it transfer to the game? Unlikely. Why not use the movement of a passive opp? Way more authentic and higher probability of transfer to game.
𝗔𝗱𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗰𝗼𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗦𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗮 𝗪𝗶𝗲𝗴𝗺𝗮𝗻 🗣️
"Stay very close to the game, don't make it too hard. Just play the game through small-sided games or little underload/overload games." ⚽
Good post by Cal. It’s not coaches v academics, quite the contrary - it’s about progress.
Many academics also coach at pretty good levels and make a difference, just because they chose a career calling other than full time coaching does not make their opinions any less important
I can recall once posting a "here is an alternative to technical rehearsal for judo coaches" post on a British Judo Facebook page. Between all the "where are your players' international medals", "this Olympic champion does masses of technical rehearsal" and
Humble brag…. The blue starting blocks here by
@GillAthletics
were designed b/c of a research project by myself, Dr John Cooper (biomechanics legend) and Dr Phil Henson (
@usatf
) at
@IndianaUniv
Wider and larger block plates facilitate straighter block exit
Genuine question:
Can someone tell me how repetitively passing a ball back and forth transfers to passing in the game? What is the process of transfer that so many hang their hats on? Explain to me how this happens?
Banned answers: muscle memory, pros do it, coach experience. 🤦🏻
@Mr_Tennis_Coach
I always think of that as an intention
ATT - manipulate opponent to create scoring chances
DEF - manipulate opponent to create opportunities to win ball back.
The principles are ways to do those things, which are flexible in HOW we achieve it.
Shared this before, but here it is
👉🏻Passing Square - focus on footwork👈🏻
🗒️ Great football station to get students focused on:
1️⃣ Accurate passing
2️⃣ Timing of pass
3️⃣ Footwork
📈 Increase Complexity of movements and make square lager.
Please retweet if useful 🙏
@JonMackey14
@NickGearing1
Let’s work on definitions!
Drill = tasks that are repetitive, prescribed and predictable. Solutions are pre-determined.
Activity = tasks that repeat problems, not solutions. Organic, unpredictable, variable.
I think defining this way can act as a framework for use.
Thoughts?
I often say to coaches, the best person to design practice activities for your team is YOU! Not YouTube, not Man City, not another coach.
We have to understand the socio-cultural, structural and functional constraints of our players and design with that in mind.
It's easy to see practices like this and think 'that will be great for my team' but they very rarely work the same as when professional teams do them!
Always view practices with your players & environment in mind. Their, age, ability, needs, your space. Then adapt them to suit.
Why are they scanning?
The concept of scanning is to pick up information in order to act a effectively. Therefore, there needs to be a reason why I am scanning, the best and most transferable to the game reason is an opponent
One of the biggest myths in sports is "muscle memory." It doesn't exist! 🤯
Rather than rote repetition of movements and techniques, players & coaches should add as much variability as possible; from changing starting locations & the way something is performed to adding defense.
I don’t understand the view that evidence doesn’t matter. Throughout our lives we follow the evidence, from medical care to parenting. But in sport, too many people dismiss the evidence that there may be a better way instead favoring personal opinion to guide methods. 🤷
Partington & Cushion (2013) Premier league academy coaches stating they do not know how to create d-m players and continue to coach in a traditional way. 🤔Maybe coaches need a theoretical underpinning instead of only their professional judgement which could be based on nothing.
Skilled intentionality, functional movement solution, education of attention - nature shows us what skill is all the time, we are just too blind to see it because we are too busy designing “technical drills”. 🤯
Good activity - relevant for age and skill level (pretty good by the looks of it). 1v1s and 2v2s are great activities that are much more representative where functional solutions will emerge.
These activities can be scaled too for lower skill levels relatively easily 👍🏻
Master the 1v1 escaping/pressure drill from behind and in front :
🟡Scanning for space to attack
🟡Use feints and disguises to move the defender
🟡Make fast and direct exits from forward moves and turns
Sad that the main access point for coach education is often far behind the current literature. It takes great people to provide these resources (in their own time I may add) and help coaches they will often never meet get better. Great job Phil.
1) The most sought after skill in coaching:
Effective practice design.
Coaches spend lots of time and 💰💰 attending courses but they do a terrible job teaching it
Here are 5 practice design principles that will save you hundreds of hours
I’ll go first
1a. The belief that players need fundamentals before gameplay.
1b. Educate through resources, demonstrate a games approach in your own practice.
Here is a great blog post about it.
@singh_harjiv
It’s almost as if you are saying repetition without repetition…… now where have I heard that before?!?!
I think language is important here too - a repetition (performance attempt) is different to repetition (doing or trying to do the exact same thing).
Biggest oxymoron in club soccer ⚽️ coaching
Industrializing practice (Taylorism) with a focus on clean, rhythmical, “efficient” drills under the assumption it will transfer 3-4 days a week. Then complaining that kids don’t play pick up/fun games to learn skills at home.
What should players focus on in team sports ⚽️ 🏀 🏉 🥍🏑 🏒 ? The game is about space so it needs to be something that provides information about space.
I say that something is OPPONENTS.
🧵 👇
@IJaSport
This is why
#ecologicaldynamics
is a good explanation of skill acq. Skills practiced decomposed from environment are different skills than those performed in a game context. If you want them to pass effectively in a game, make sure practice is representative - actions & info same
6. Good design shapes behavior
@markstkhlm
“first feedback comes from the design”
Contextual “in the game”knowledge (K-of) is more powerful for players than K-about (descriptive - how to do it)
Of strange things I have heard a coach say, surely
“make a decision before you receive the ball”
is a whopper!
How about keep your options open for as long as possible?
How do we do this in practice? Create activities where there are multiple ways to solve the problem.
I wonder what functional solutions to beat a defender would emerge if we didn’t do any of this 🤔
played variations of 1v1,
encouraged creativity,
empowered players to explore
Made mistakes ok & part of learning
Most of these moves wouldn’t exist as they are not functional
If your players don’t understand your practice drills, it’s not them!
It’s more likely the activity is too confusing or just plain sucks.
Practice tasks should include functional movement solutions, which generally don’t emerge in over-prescribed, unnecessarily complex drills