Senior researcher in the public services team
@InstituteforGov
. Interested in the NHS, adult social care, and local government. All views my own. He/him
NEW REPORT: despite higher funding and more staff, hospitals are struggling to return to pre-pandemic performance, with most activity only just reaching levels achieved in February 2020
What's going on? Thread below
Thanks for highlighting Jeremy, we agree that low NHS productivity is a real problem
A quick thread to explain the causes and why the strategies that led to productivity improvements during the 2010s likely contributed to some of the current problems
🧵👇
This is what much of the debate about our post-election spending plans is missing. NHS funding is also up by a third since 2010.
The answer isn’t just more money, it has to be about productivity. If we can hit the 0.5% productivity growth increases we regularly got in the years
Completely agree that doctors and nurses lose too much of their time to admin work
But that's mostly due to a lack of managerial staff and poor IT - e.g. computers that barely turn on
Neither of those are fixed by investing in "AI"
Our police, teachers and healthcare professionals lose too much of their time to admin.
We want them to have more time to teach our kids, treat us when we’re sick and to keep us safe.
Today we’re outlining key opportunities to cut admin and safely harness AI.
It also means a lack of equipment and poor IT systems
The UK has half the number of CT scanners compared to the OECD average
Staff are working with computers that struggle to turn on and which cannot communicate effectively across different parts of the NHS when they do
Govt achieved many of those productivity improvements in the 2010s by holding down inputs into the NHS e.g. freezing staff pay, reducing capital budgets, cutting support staff
We wrote a paper on it, which you can read here, more details in thread below
On management and support staff. There are far fewer managers per FTE in the NHS now than in 2010. That makes it very difficult to plan and innovate effectively in hospitals
Lack of support staff means that frontline staff are often left doing less productive admin work
Speaking of frontline staff. Govt decided to first freeze and then hold down public sector pay in the 2010s. The result was large real terms decline in pay that was made worse by recent inflation...
First, capital. The UK has always been bad at investing in health capital, but even by our low standards the 2010s were atrocious
UK invested only 62.5% of the OECD average between 2011 and 2020 compared to 84.3% between 1970 and 2010
What does that actually mean? It means hospitals are falling apart, with a record £11.6bn maintenance backlog that leads to e.g. sewage in hallways, and operating theatres that can't be used
New NHS estates data out today. The maintenance backlog grew to £11.6bn in cash terms in 2022/23, up from £10.2bn in 2021/22 - a 7.5% real terms increase
The high risk backlog grew fastest, up 23.9% in real terms and now accounts for >20% of the total for the first time
All this to say: yes, if you add more doctors and nurses to hospitals - as was the Conservative manifesto promise in 2019 - without addressing the underlying issues discussed above, then of course they will be less productive and you will likely end up with worse value for money
From a wider system perspective, the underinvestment in primary care has also been catastrophic
The number of GPs fell throughout the 2010s. That arguably means health problems are more complex by the time patients reach hospitals
NEW REPORT: General practice is delivering more appointments than ever, despite declining GP numbers. But increasing pressure risks worsening already-bad retention issues and jeopardising the sustainability of the service
Thread of findings 👇
...the pandemic worsened already low morale and from mid-2021 onwards there was a large outflow of staff from the service
They were replaced with many new, relatively inexperienced staff who are just far less productive
Some of that will improve naturally, but takes time
I could go on, but this thread is already long. For more on NHS productivity, please read
@Samfr
's and
@racheljanetwolf
's excellent report from last year
And here's my thread on hospitals from our most recent Performance Tracker
NEW REPORT: despite higher funding and more staff, hospitals are struggling to return to pre-pandemic performance, with most activity only just reaching levels achieved in February 2020
What's going on? Thread below
And then there's under-provision of adult social care
Funding cuts mean fewer people can access the support they need - spending in 2019/20 was only at 09/10 levels despite much higher demand
Not the worst outcome of those cuts, but that also increases demand for hospitals
Hard to overstate how much the social care sector has relied on int'l staff since 2021/22
These plans will severely limit that source of workers without a plan to replace them. Govt has effectively announced that it's giving up on expanding care capacity before the election
Busy day as Starmer gives keynote speech on economy and Sunak gets going on plans to cut migration as record net migration eats even further into Tories’ poor poll ratings.
Home sec to announce package of measures today to cut aimed legal migration, incl scaling back of health
Have now updated this chart so it starts in Mar '09 and includes most recent data
To the end of Sep '23 consultants' and jr docs' pay fell 22.8% and 25% respectively in real terms
Also noteworthy that ongoing inflation is quickly eroding last year's pay bump for other staff
Speaking of frontline staff. Govt decided to first freeze and then hold down public sector pay in the 2010s. The result was large real terms decline in pay that was made worse by recent inflation...
Jeremy is right that productivity improved during the 2010s, and more quickly than in the decade or so before
Avg annual productivity improvements:
2001/02-2009/10 = 0.6%
2009/10-2019/20 = 1.2%
But that stored up problems for the future, which the NHS is now experiencing
GP leaver data is out for March. The worrying trend of younger GPs leaving continues. Under-30s remains above 20%, though this is noisy due to so few of them
More concerningly, GPs aged 30-39 overtook those aged 50-64 for the first time
Then there's management. Despite press narratives, the NHS is woefully undermanaged, with a large drop in manager:staff ratios since 2010
That means frontline staff do more admin work and senior managers focus on operational tasks, preventing focus on improving the service
Here we go again. Below is my thread from when Kate used this chart to claim that the UK spends a lot more on health than other countries
Tl;dr - the chart is very misleading and the UK is much closer to the middle of the pack than she'd have you believe
You want it, you got it.
The % of GDP bit, anyway. Do not expect one of the most centralised systems in the world to filter this record level of cash to the right places, like frontline services or staff pay.
(No one wants a US-style, 'privatised system'.)
Quick reminder that since the govt made it easier for people to come and work in the care sector (yes, it was their own policy) workers from outside the UK and EEA have basically propped up social care
Yet govt boasts about banning those people from bringing loved ones to the UK
Today in Parliament we have laid an order to ban overseas care workers from bringing dependants.
This is just one part of our plan to deliver the biggest-ever cut in migration 👇
This is not a good use of data for a number of reasons
I recreated this chart (Austria looks a bit strange, but there's no source so I'm working with what I've got) and will do a quick thread explaining why it's not a great basis for comparing health spending
Great to be on
@BBCNewsnight
talking about Birmingham council and local gov finance
Financial problems are spreading beyond councils who have made bad investments and now includes those who have nothing left to cut, after more than a decade of squeezed funding and rising costs
The result is the highest maintenance backlog on record, roughly half the number of diagnostic machines per capita compared to the OECD average, and IT systems and hardware that are not fit for purpose
All those new staff are not being given the tools to succeed
Some of the best I’ve read this year:
📚
@romankrznaric
- Carpe Diem Regained
📚
@MazzucatoM
- The Value of Everything
📚Kate Mascarenhas - The Psychology of Time Travel
#booksof2019
That spike of staff movement coinciding with workforce expansion means that staff are less experienced than they were in 2019; e.g. huge expansion in the no of nurses with <5 years experience
That makes staff both less effective and uses experienced staff time to train recruits
Next there's capital. Between 1970 and 2020, the UK govt only exceeded the OECD average level of investment in 2 years
But even by that low standard, the 2010s were particularly bad
UK was 84.3% of OECD average between 1970 and 2009 and just 62.5% between 2010 and 2019
Also worth noting that the NHS reallocated £500m of its capital budget last week because the govt refused to fund the in-year deficit that's arisen from strike action
That's money that would have *genuinely* helped solve IT productivity issues
There is real attrition of younger GPs, either leaving the service entirely or working increasingly part time
Even though there are relatively few of them, GPs under 30 are leaving the service at shocking rates and GPs under 40 have seen a marked increase post-pandemic
Yes Covid has had an impact, but in many cases performance was worsening long before the pandemic
The last time the NHS hit its target for cancer referral times, elective wait times and A&E wait times was in Dec 2015, Feb 2016 and Jun 2013 respectively
Govt needs to stop chopping and changing policy so much; cutting the management budgets of ICBs 8 months after putting them on a statutory footing is an egregious example
But emergency funding during crises is also terrible policy that leads to poor value for money
What are those issues? First, there is just less capacity in the system than there has been
The number of beds has halved since the late 80s. Some of that is for good reason, but also evidence that it's gone too far, with occupancy often >95% since mid-2010s
This is exactly the problem with Sunak's pledges that we highlighted back in Jan:
"He will be able to point to any improvement, anywhere in the [NHS], at any point [before] the election, as a promise kept"
Reality is waiting list increased in March
I promised I would cut NHS waiting lists and we are delivering.
Reducing 18-month waits by over 90% is huge progress.
We still have work to do, but backed by record government investment and the ongoing efforts of the NHS, I am confident we will get patients the care they need
The result is that the number of GPs under-40 has fallen far faster than any other age group
These staff are supposed to be the future of the service and there are 10% fewer of them than seven years ago
Great to be on BBC News earlier talking about the junior doctor strikes
Pay is a large factor in doctors' dispute with the govt, but they also have concerns about conditions. Hospitals are in a worse state than they were in 2010, after a decade of underinvestment in capital
🚨 New NHS data out today. Elective waiting list had its largest month on month increase since August 2022, up 114k to 7.3m
What's going on? Short thread below
I am having a stupidly busy shift. I have done lots of things without stopping and I need to document them.
This is the NHS computer including after a restart. I can't click on anything.
I could cry.
Birmingham last week was the most recent in a growing trend of local authorities going "bankrupt" (officially known as issuing a section 114 notice)
Since the start of 2018, there have been eleven s114s, and only one before that - Hackney in 2000
The government has successfully recruited its target of 26,000 direct patient care (DPC) staff; there are now 31k more compared to Mar 2019
But they do not replace lost GPs and often add to GP workloads by needing more management and leaving complex cases for GPs
🚨New data out today shows the elective waiting list grew to 7.75m in August, up from 7.68m in July
Another record high, and 531k higher than in January when Sunak pledged to bring down waiting lists
What's driving the increase? And what's happening to other parts of the list?
Spending plans are already a fantasy, cutting them further will just mean top-ups when service performance worsens
I wrote the below in November. I'm running out of ways to describe how irresponsible it is for govt to fund tax cuts by cutting spending
There is also a change in the composition of new recruits - the increase in both doctor and nurse numbers has been driven predominantly by recruitment from the rest of the world, while British and EEA staff have been net leavers since the middle of 2021
NEW: My piece for
@instituteforgov
on this week's local government finance settlement
Is it as generous as the government made out? Will it stop councils issuing 'bankruptcy' (s114) notices?
Answers in the link and short thread 👇
For context, inflation has eroded local authority budgets so much that before today the govt would have needed to provide £2.3bn in 2024/25 to return councils' spending power to where it was after the 2021 spending review
After this new £500m, the gap is still £1.8bn
EXC: Hearing that the Chancellor and Michael Gove have now agreed on a boost to the local government finance settlement and we could get the figure as early as today. The number I’m hearing is £500m which will be seen as a “modest” increase - but still… THREAD 1/
The NHS is also employing a lot more staff than in 2019, roughly 20% more doctors and nurses in September 2023 compared to April 2019
Despite that, activity in the 12 months to Nov 23 is only 1% higher than in 2019
Spending has increased in the service, by 13.8% in real terms between 2019/20 and 2021/22. Part of that was due to Covid, but part was always planned as under the NHS Long Term Plan
But that increase in spending followed a decade of below trend spending increases
Ways of working have also changed. There are far fewer GP partners - the GPs who own and manage practices - and more salaried GPs
The partnership model of general practice relies on partners taking on financial risk and providing large amounts of hidden admin work
🚨New NHS data shows that the government hit its target of recruiting 26k more direct patient care (DPC) staff into primary care networks a full year earlier than their manifesto commitment
Impressive delivery on its promise, but there are some caveats to this good news
🧵👇
But health care spending as a % of GDP is affected by that second bit - a country's GDP. If GDP falls disproportionately (like it did in the UK in 2020/21), health spending looks high
A better comparison could be health spending per person
Again UK is middle of the pack
Also worth saying that a lot of this analysis builds on work done by
@racheljanetwolf
and
@Samfr
, I referenced their excellent report from the summer repeatedly while writing Performance Tracker
There were 1,910 fewer fully-qualified, permanent GPs (the best measure of GP capacity) in Sep 2023 compared to Sep 2015 - a 6.7% decline
In the same time, the number of registered patients increased by >10%
Demand for the service is far outstripping supply, esp post-Covid
In a NEW REPORT out today I answer 3 questions about the NHS crisis:
📊Is the govt right about the cause of the crisis?
🚑How is govt responding and will it be effective?
🔎Is Sunak's pledge on the NHS really as unambiguous as he claims?
Quick thread
NEW COMMENT: The government's decision not to provide more support to the NHS is a false economy, which could come back to haunt Sunak at the next election
Short thread on the argument 👇
Great to speak to
@katelamble
about public inquiries on
@BBCNewsnight
The government's refusal to comply with Lady Hallett's requests risks undermining public trust in the Covid inquiry, which could in turn make it harder to implement recommendations when the inquiry reports
Despite these issues, GPs and other practice staff are delivering more appointments per FTE than ever, almost 10% more than before the pandemic
The govt might see this as a real win, but it raises questions of workload pressure and burnout, which might worsen retention
But there was also a large movement of staff - either to a new post or out of the service entirely - from the middle of 2021 onwards
That spike in staff movement has passed, but the service is still dealing with the fallout
What is the impact? People are being treated either less or less quickly than in 2019, despite levels of demand in some cases not increasing that much
It also increases pressure on other parts of the system: primary and community care, adult social care and others
🚨New NHS data shows that the elective waiting list fell by 96k in Nov to 7.61m - the 2nd consecutive monthly fall and the largest (non-Covid) monthly drop since Dec 2010
But that still leaves the total 400k higher than when Sunak pledged to cut lists in Jan 23
🧵👇
The govt has done well increasing the number of GP trainees, meeting its target for five years in a row
But those trainees are still not translating into full-time GPs
That is partly due to the pressures of the job - we heard that it is less attractive due to high workloads
The source of GP trainees has also changed over time. There has been a large increase in the number recruited from outside the UK and EEA
Those trainees made up 43% of the total in Sep 2023, up from 12% in Sep 2015
The increase in the number of patients per GP has happened everywhere in the country, but it has been worse in the most deprived areas
The ratio rose 23.9% in the most deprived decile of areas between March 2016 and March 2023, compared to 8% in the least deprived areas
One again the problem is more stark among younger GP partners
There are almost half as many GP partners under the age of 40 as in 2016, while the 65+ population has only declined slightly in comparison
That means that when there is a shock, then the carefully balanced system (that was barely working before) is thrown out of kilter
That is what happened with Covid
Bed occupancy has returned to 90%-95% levels since 2020
Some performance issues are due to Covid - the elective list has grown faster since 2020 - but in most cases it is due to frailties that pre-date Covid
E.g. the elective list almost doubled between 2010 and 2019
Long term decisions made hospitals more vulnerable to shocks
The result is far more staff in the service than in 2019/20: 13.3% more doctors and 14.9% more nurses by July 2023 compared to March 2020
In comparison, numbers only grew 24.8% and 17.0% respectively in the nine years between March 2010 and March 2019
In the meantime, general practice continues to absorb unprecedented levels of pressure and demand
For now, GPs are performing better than can be expected but that does raise questions about sustainability without a change in approach
An under-appreciated (and difficult to quantify) problem is underinvestment in capital in general practice. Staff are often working in old buildings and on IT systems that are not fit for purpose
There is often nowhere for newly-hired staff to work, making them less productive
Astounding that Pritchard argues productivity issues in hospitals are a 'misunderstanding'
14% more spending on hospitals and similar increases in nurses and doctors, and yet most activity has only recently returned to pre-pandemic levels
I'd love to see her evidence for this!
As NHS brings in McKinsey to find out why it's treating no more patients than pre-Covid despite more cash and more staff
Amanda Pritchard tells
@CommonsHealth
that productivity figures based on a "misunderstanding" and insists NHS is doing more
@BBCMoreOrLess
A couple of charts which explain your point: on the left is a time series of FTE numbers, splitting out fully-qualified and trainee GPs. On the right shows % change in GPs incl. trainees and GPs excl. trainees compared to patient numbers
NEW REPORT: General practice is delivering more appointments than ever, despite declining GP numbers. But increasing pressure risks worsening already-bad retention issues and jeopardising the sustainability of the service
Thread of findings 👇
Relying on international staff is not necessarily a problem and is preferable to large numbers of vacancies
But GMC work shows intl doctors stay registered in the UK for less time than British equivalents and the govt has far less control over the pipeline of future recruits
Spending has increased on the service but much of that increase is on higher wage bills to remain competitive with other employers (incl wider NHS) and also on expanded DPC workforce
Core GP funding has not increased in line with inflation or with funding for hospitals
As a footnote, I did not have "write a report that would feature on the front page of the
@DailyMirror
alongside
@Rodstewart
" on my 2023 bingo card, but there we go
This is a lazy from the Times. On almost any metric, the NHS is woefully undermanaged:
- 2% of NHS staff are managers, compared to 9.5% of the UK workforce
- Approx. 1.5% of spending is dedicated to management, compared to OECD avg. of 3.1%, 4.1% in France and 7.9% in the US
Hundreds of NHS bureaucrats are earning more than £100,000 a year as frontline staff including nurses prepare to strike over their low pay, figures show
More importantly, there was something pretty major happening in 2020 and 2021 - a global pandemic - which affects both health spending and GDP
A much better year to compare countries is therefore 2019, which we can do...
...and suddenly the UK is firmly in the middle
When combined with other crises - a bad flu season, industrial action, and political instability - hospitals are struggling to return to trend performance levels
E.g. even though hospitals are now doing more diagnostic tests than 2019, it is beneath where we'd expect them to be
Not my usual topic, but was curious about home working patterns in the census
Chart below shows people in almost every local authority report wfh more than in 2011, but the largest increases have been in least deprived areas
Some LAs with >50% working mostly from home
All age groups of GPs have fewer partners as a proportion than in 2016, but the problem is by far the worst in younger GPs
This raises the question of who is going to take on partnerships as the older GPs retire?
This is more of a personal view, but I think the expansion of the DPC workforce represents a major - and not well-publicised - shift in how primary care is delivered
I'm not saying it's necessarily negative but it is different
Quick thread on the local government finance settlement (which I'm sure is top of everyone's mind on Dec 22nd), summarising this comment I wrote for
@instituteforgov
Some of these issues will improve naturally; e.g. staff will become more productive as they stay in post longer
But many require longer-term thinking and planning
New NHS estates data out today. The maintenance backlog grew to £11.6bn in cash terms in 2022/23, up from £10.2bn in 2021/22 - a 7.5% real terms increase
The high risk backlog grew fastest, up 23.9% in real terms and now accounts for >20% of the total for the first time
Despite all that extra activity, there is evidence that demand is still outstripping supply
Satisfaction with the service continues to decline, particularly on metrics that asses how easy patients find it to access the service
🚨New elective waiting list data for June 2023 out today
Another month with an increase of more than 100k, bringing the total to 7.57m, another record amount
Quick thread below on what's driving that increase
NEW REPORT: The govt increased funding for adult social care at the 2022 autumn statement. But our research shows that that money will be stretched thin by rising costs and competing priorities, making it hard to reduce unmet need
More findings 👇
The government has been rolling out Community Diagnostic Centres (CDCs) to increase testing capacity away from hospitals, but to date hasn't released any data on CDC activity
I submitted an FOI to find out how many tests the NHS is conducting in them
Results 👇
New report out today from
@Samfr
and
@racheljanetwolf
They answer the question of why some hospital activity has not returned to 2019/20 levels despite higher spending and staffing in the NHS
A short thread on some of the most interesting insights
New post just out
With more doctors strikes starting today; worst ever waiting lists/A&E times; + 1000s of excess deaths - I look at why the NHS crisis isn't getting better and what the key causes are.
"How bad does it have to get?"
(free to read)
For a policy that is supposedly taboo, changing the funding model of the NHS is discussed remarkably often. You might even say it's the closest thing some people have to a national religion
This from Politico is a prime example
Let's look at what it gets wrong 🧵👇
It has an exhausted, understaffed workforce, buildings in desperate need of repair and is constantly pleading for more cash from government.
The UK's 75-year-old National Health Service is ailing. Is it time ... to ditch it?
When the government does not invest in adult social care - particularly workforce - it resorts to emergency funding pots when the inevitable crisis hits; a far more costly approach than up-front investment
We're stuck in a cycle of 'crisis-cash-repeat'
We're recruiting to join the public services team! What you can expect:
1) Making pretty charts like the one 👇
2) Free lunch (at the cost of endlessly discussing food choices)
3) You get to/are forced to* work with
@NJ_Davies
,
@DarwinKim_1
, and me
*delete as appropriate
Work with us! We are looking for a Researcher or Senior Researcher to join our public services team.
Applications close on Tuesday 14 November at 14:00.⏱️
Find out more and apply
Nottingham council issued a section 114 last week, effectively declaring bankruptcy. I was curious how their finances compare to other councils
Answer: their spending power fell 23% between 2023/24 and 2009/10, compared to an average of -12% for other social care authorities
NEW COMMENT: Short-term policy making has trapped public services in a ‘doom loop’
Services are struggling to return to pre-pandemic performance levels and all are performing worse than they were in 2010
What's driving that performance? 🧵👇
The second Week in Public Services in as many weeks - you can't say we don't spoil you!
This week: Truss's new government; vacancy rates in health and social care; and, financial difficulties in local government
NEW REPORT: The govt increased funding for adult social care at the 2022 autumn statement. But our research shows that that money will be stretched thin by rising costs and competing priorities, making it hard to reduce unmet need
More findings 👇
The GP contract that was agreed in 2019 (and which the govt has refused to update despite a global pandemic and bout of inflation) ends in March 24. The negotiation over the next GP contract will be crucial for determining the future path of general practice