Just saw a segment on
@vicenews
that I was interviewed for, and
@alzoslade
immediately caught the ungrammatical sentence the producers asked us to embed in the AAE quiz they had us write for the segment. 1/
@Ultra_Lib
@TheUnmumsyMum
Perhaps there’s a correlation between having a “family sick bowl” that you also prepare food in, and *needing* a designated vessel for your frequent vomiting?
A lot of people have been asking me about this: after reviewing and analyzing the audio, it is my expert professional opinion that Mr. Floyd did *not* say "I ate too many drugs," and instead said "I ain't do any drugs."
#DerekChauvinTrial
1/
Ever see a dialect map like this? Linguists don’t know what this map would look like for African American English. If you are a black native speaker of
#AAE
& have 5 minutes & a computer, you can help by taking the survey and reading the short story at
@Aphrothighty
...but white folks who never grew up around black folks and have minimal exposure to AAE will swear up and down that they understand, and if they don't it's the (black) speaker's fault they don't.
5/5
@Aphrothighty
I'm a linguist who researches AAE and cross dialect comprehension. You're right about Habitual 'be' and stressed 'been'. Some other things white people usually don't understand:
-Preterite had: using "had" in sentences that don't place the events before other past events. 1/
@Aphrothighty
-"stay" as a habitual marker
- "it" as a dummy pronoun (as in, "it's a lot of people outside"...white folks exclusively use "there")
I could literally do this all day and we haven't even gotten to differences in accents on top of the grammatical differences. 4/
@Aphrothighty
-Using "talkin' 'bout" as a verb of quotation that introduces direct or reported speech instead of just a topic of discussion.
-"a ni***" used in the first person...that is, the speaker referring to themself.
-Negative Auxiliary Inversion: that is, "don't nobody ever" 2/
@Aphrothighty
...instead of "nobody ever does..."
-question inversion in subordinate clauses
-set expressions that use AAE grammar like "it be that way sometimes" and "what had happened was".
- who nem refers to
- use of "be done" for conditional future events
3/
I think
@duolingo
might be the first language learning app to make a UX decision that pissed off every academic linguist, unanimously
Do you know how little we agree on?
We just saw the last performance of Fiddler on the Roof in Yiddish, and as the curtain is about to rise, two women sit down next to me, one points to the word “Yiddish” on the playbill and asked the other “what’s that?”
If a math test is written in a way that is grammatical in African American English AAE-speaking 2nd graders scores go up by 10% compared to tests in “standard” English that are ungrammatical or confusing in AAE
#AAE
#AAVE
#Dialect
#linguistics
#bias
Very cool ERP study in Michael Terry’s plenary! Verbal s is ungrammatical for
#AAE
speaking kids, can get misinterpreted as plural -s, resulting in mistakes in story problem math tests for AAE spking 2nd graders.
#GURT2019
This is why Australians all have heads that are 3cm shorter in profile. Has anyone ever seen a side view of an Australian?
It’s genuinely shocking to me how much of linguistics education outreach is just debunking flavors of phrenology
Time for another construction I was taught in grad school that native English speakers do not say, that I just heard from a native English speaker in casual speech: “I’m gonna send you it”
So much ink has been spilled explaining why it’s not said
When they say in intro to linguistics that it’s possible to take the same stock of words and rules of grammar and generate an entirely new sentence that has never been said before, this is what they mean
Finally getting around to making a blog post about my dissertation findings, on regional variation in African American English, with maps and graphs. Big findings are:
The barista was skeptical when I said etymology twitter would get a kick out of this pun.
“Etymology twitter?” She asked, superciliously.
“It’s a whole thing” I replied.
I always love the word of the year event, but we’re really gonna need to eventually start talking about how problematic it is, especially with regards to AAE, in the age of twitter and “digital blackface”. It’s a hard conversation because the intent and history of the event is 1/
I'll have more to say later, but I want to reiterate: my expert professional opinion as a linguist whose PhD and research program revolve around AAE, and as someone who lives in and grew up in AAE speech communities, is that Mr. Floyd unequivocally said "I ain't do any drugs."
4. Misunderstandings or misrepresentations of AAE are often used to discredit and discount Black people's speech, especially in a judicial setting. See Rickford & King 2016, or Jones, Kalbfeld, Hancock & Clark 2019, both in Language ()
@LingSocAm
18/
Has anyone written about the use of “baby” as a syntactic imposter/pronoun in materials for expectant couples and new parents, or do I have to do everything myself?
Eg: “if baby is fussy, it might be gas. Try bicycling baby’s legs or rubbing their tummy gently”
The extralinguistic evidence:
1. "I ate too many drugs" is a strange sentence. I have known plenty of people who have experience with drug use, and none have ever referred to it as "eating drugs." This is just not how people talk, and is highly implausible. 15/
This is the best example of the “Recency Illusion” I think I’ve ever seen. OP is mad at “How I Met Your Mother,” a sitcom from 2005, for introducing phrasal verbs — a feature of English that goes back to Middle English.
My 95 year old grandmother, who fled France in 1939, has been doing
@duolingo
to “learn all the new words since [she] left” and she calls it “dinglingo” and has used it every day since I showed it to her. And she’s acing most of the lessons. I love everything about this.
I’ve been thinking a lot about implicature baked into contemporary slang (most of which originated in AAE). I’m thinking “hits different,” it was “a vibe” or “a mood,” and “feel some kind/type of way.”
I am extremely pleased to announce that
@linguistopher
's and my paper "Grammatical Reanalysis and the Multiple N-words in AAE" has been accepted for publication in American Speech, the journal of
@americandialect
. It's a controversial topic, but one we believe must be addressed.
Communication styles at play:
X-Ray tech: “it looks like you might have broken your toe”
Me: “I hope not. But I guess the x-rays will tell us.”
XRT: “I’m looking at it and you might have.”
Me: “well, I hope not.”
XRT: “no, you did.”
Might as politeness vs probability
Overheard a man talking to his daughter in this cafe: “it’s just better if white goes with white, yellow goes with yellow, and brown goes with brown.”
My head snaps up. Turns out, he’s asking her to put the sugar packets she took back in their bins.
2018 has been tough.
I wish people could understand familiarity with African American English has helped me (& others) better understand foreign languages, because it’s not slang or mistakes, but a fully developed grammatical system.
Coming up in AAE speech communities made me a better linguist
The linguistic evidence:
1. Mr. Floyd speaks African American English (AAE), and makes use of the negative marker "ain't."
Earlier, in body cam footage, he said "I ain't do nothing!" ("I didn't do anything" in classroom English). This will be relevant later. 3/
3. Why would someone who has been insisting for minutes "I ain't do nothing" suddenly switch to the bizarre sentence "I ate too many drugs" interjected in the middle of other protestations of innocence? 17/
Ever wonder what regional variation in African American accents looks like on the map? My dissertation is the first to look at the entire vowel system across the entire country; here's my first blog post about the patterns and trends:
Ever wish there was a corpus of African American Language from D.C., with over 100 interviews, 60+ hours of transcribed and time aligned speech, covering speakers born from 1890-2001, and open to all researchers AND the public? NOW THERE IS! CORAAL drops today!
#LSA2018
I love this about babies. It’s also, as far as we know, the roots of gender (read “genre” or “noun class”) systems in language. It’s likely not coincidence that languages tend to have male/female, human/nonhuman, animate/inanimate, and in some cases tree/not-a-tree distinctions
My 13mo second daughter’s vocabulary:
“mama”: Mama
“daddy”: all humans who are not Mama including sister, grandmother, sundry cashiers
“doggy”: all non-human animals
“tree”: any object that is neither animal nor human nor mama
angry pointing: damn but I do wish I could tell you
This is also not the first time the crowd-sourced Urban Dictionary has been used in a legal setting to "explain" African American speech, with absurd results. 22/
2. In many varieties of AAE and in Mr. Floyd's speech, "ain't" is pronounced [e͡ɪ̃ʔ]. If you don't read IPA, the important part is that the n is often pronounced as nasalization on the vowel, and not as a separate, following segment (think of French "on" or Portuguese -ão) 4/
It is possible that the defense is not acting cynically, and simply lacks basic knowledge about spoken African American English, but this is not the first egregious mistake they've made. 19/
I know it’s the whole point of writing a dissertation, but hearing Bill Labov say “no one has ever thought about this in this way before,” just made my day
Language levels at a glance:
A1: Can order a coffee.
A2: Can order it with or without milk.
B1: Can ask if there's any coffee left.
B2: Understands the answer.
C1: Can read a science book about coffee.
C2: Can write the book.
#langtwt
BREAKING: My wife has informed me that “ooh, linguistics Twitter is having a meltdown over iconicity and the arbitrariness of the sign” is a ridiculous sentence, and has further asked whether I even hear myself
Before the first commercial break
@maddow
established Spiro Agnew was a raving antisemite jihadist paid agent of a foreign state, and he was secretly consulted on the Bush 88 campaign? And there’s 40 more minutes???
So at this point I’ve seen probably 20+ linguists intentionally share a white supremacist bad linguistics take to dunk on it. Congrats, you just shared a white supremacist take. You are spreading their propaganda for them.
One result people wrongly assuming AAE doesn’t have any structure is that it’s remarkably easy to tell when they make up quotes that are ungrammatical in AAE to lie about black people.
Since singular “they” for a known referent is contentious, a modest pronoun proposal: use the archaic English 3rd person plural that was replaced by the Norse borrowings “they/them/their” instead. That is, singular hīe, him, heora (“heeyay, heem, hayora”)
Going on the academic job market is very stressful, but today I heard from a student who was assigned my 2015 paper on AAE dialect regions, and that a defense attorney stopped someone reading my 2019 paper on AAE in the courtroom to ask for a citation.
There was a running joke working at Rosetta Stone because each language had an early-ish lesson where people introduce themselves with their name and profession and they’re all different, but in every language there was “I am Viktor Popov” and instead of a job, “I am Russian.”
An paper I coauthored with
@sociologyjones
and
@R_A_Hancock
, “Testifying While Black”, has been accepted by Language. We find court reporters lack the specific training to accurately transcribe
#AAVE
. Blog post about it here:
Wondering if linguistics has ruined me for poetry. Reading a book that is waxing ecstatic about the “repeated” “s sounds” in the words “caverns measureless” and every one of those orthographic “s”s is a different sound. The author is talking about the effect of that “repetition”
Unpopular opinion: linguists get upset at this question cuz we all know deep down that while our job is analysis — and you don’t have to speak your language of study to analyze it — we probably *should* be good at a few, & we’re generally not & we look like frauds to normal ppl
Non-linguist *meets a linguist*
Linguist's brain:
don’t say it
don’t say it
don’t say it
don’t say it
don’t say it
don’t say it
don’t say it
don’t say it
don’t say it
don’t say it
don’t say it
Non-linguist: 'How many languages do you speak?'
It is my professional opinion as a trained linguist and phonetician that Rich Lowry absolutely did say the “n-word” on the Megyn Kelly Show. I detail the phonetic, articulatory, and psycholinguistic evidence here:
6. nasalization (like in the word "ain't") is hard to hear in a noisy channel. It's not surprising that "ain't" could have been misheard. In fact, this is exactly the kind of mishearing I wrote about in 2019 in Language, with
@sociologyjones
and
@R_A_Hancock
10/
Watching the Scripps spelling bee, and I’m on the edge of my seat, but I’m also LIVID that the guy reading the words has the MARRY-MERRY-MARY merger, and consistently perplexed by the explanation that there are “no” “alternate” “pronunciations”
2. Context of the speech act is important. The defense claims that Mr. Floyd was freaking out (perhaps due to substance abuse). It is clear, watching the video that he is begging for his life, and attempting to negotiate, but defer to the officers ("please, mister officer") 16/
Using the comparative method, and taking Marine “oorah”, Navy and Coast Guard “hooyah”, and Army “Hooah”, we can infer proto military *hoorah ‘yes, affirmative’
#linguistics
3. Mr. Floyd's pronunciation of the oo vowel in "do" follows a pattern common in most varieties of North American English, where it glides between two vowels...linguists sometimes represent this as /uw/. w is VERY close to m (try for yourself, compare "awa" and "ama") 5/
basically good, but in the last few years a lot of nominations have been things from AAE that just recently blew up in the white mainstream. Things are taken as new and noteworthy that are only new to some people — but those people are the traditional gatekeepers in a field
"To remove or inferiorate the language, the cultural vehicle, for communication of a people is cultural genocide. And it behooves educators, the general public and Black folks that love to swim in the pool of respectability to remember that."
#NEWarticle
Huge news. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine. The vaccine will now be marketed as “Comirnaty” (koe-mir’-na-tee), for the prevention of COVID-19 disease in individuals 16 years of age and older.
Just heard a woman drop into extreme creaky voice to respond to an unwanted mansplainy interjection from a guy in this coffee shop and the intersection of vocal modality & stance taking here is amazing y’all. Like...she was probably pushing as low as 50Hz.
Enjoying Ridley Road, but the captioned is less than versed in Yiddish, and every time Sol speaks, it’s captioned wrong. “Boy chief” instead of boychik, “gangster maker” instead of gantse macher. Gonna have a hard time not incorporating “boy chief” in an East London accent
...as in "I ain't do ANY drugs."
5. There was significant noise in the audio, and multiple voices talking at the same time. I believe the noise and other voices contributed to the incorrect perception that Mr. Floyd said "too many" and not "do any". 9/
Let’s talk linguistics. Specifically, tense and aspect, and how they relate to implicature and shape narrative.
“What Hamas DID *WAS* wrong.”
I spent part of yesterday talking with a friend whose best friend of 20 years was abducted. She is *CURRENTLY* held by Hamas.