Ian Wright @ianpaulwright Twitter profile

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

Marx on Capital as a Real God Dark Eucharist of the Real God

Essays on Capital as a Real God

Marx on Capital as a Real God Dark Eucharist of the Real God

ianwrightsite.wordpress.com

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

8 months

Those dunking on Marx expose themselves as not having studied the history and foundations of the calculus. Here's Hamkins, Professor of Logic at Oxford, making the same point as Marx in 2020 (in his Lectures on the Philosophy of Mathematics).

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

The value debates are over. The "general intellect" (i.e. the newly released chat-GPT) has resurrected the mind of Karl Marx and given a decisive answer (which, to be honest, was clear from the texts anyway).

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Lenin said Marxism has 3 sources: German philosophy, English political economy and French socialism. In the anglophone countries it now has a single source: the humanities departments of universities that reproduce in the imperial centre. We have to acknowledge this regression.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

Your relationship to your capitalist nation-state should be purely transactional (you pay taxes, you receive services) just like your relationship to corporations. Any moral attitudes above and beyond this (duty, patriotism etc.) and you've been played by your local ruling class.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 months

Looking forward...

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

5 months

Marx's theory of value is one of his scientific crown jewels. Bourgeois economics still cannot straightforwardly answer what £1 or $1 represents. Because to answer that question requires going through Marx.

Matt McManus

@MattPolProf

5 months

Yes and no. The problems with the LTV and Marx were acknowledged as far back as Bernstein and I'd argue most creative Marxist theory from the early 20th century onwards had no reliance on it. Analytical Marxists showed how exploitation theory doesn't need the LTV...

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

If we all subjectively wished hard enough, then planes could be cheaper than pens, and marginalism would come true.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

Real God Minimialism: kenotically possessed German police defeated by a lone Wizard summoning a forgotten god of mud.

Max Granger

@_maxgranger

2 years

cops defending coal mine get stuck in mud #Luetzerath

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Who wore it better?

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

4 months

US-centric, cold war style, anti-communism is a lobotomy of the intellect. No pretence to scholarly standards or good faith discussion. Marx thought calculus was key to understanding the laws of capitalism, and considered scientific fields immature until mathematical.

Phil Magness

@PhilWMagness

5 months

Marx denied the validity of calculus and wrote a crazy mathematical manifesto arguing as much. Even by 19th century physics standards, he was a crackpot.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Is there anything of substance to right-wing intellectuals? Or is it all just reflexive anti-communism, where their understanding of communism was entirely shaped by the propaganda of the cold war?

Outsideness

@Outsideness

1 year

So shocked to discover that AI Safety is in fact just communism. (Smart money remains on Mises and the Calculation Problem.)

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

illuminatibot

@iluminatibot

2 years

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

1. Marx writes 3 volumes (his life's major work) detailing how capitalism controls labour time via the fetish of the value-form, a.representation of our own alienated powers. 2. Academic claims to be "Marxist" but rejects Marx's value theory. 3. Pointing this out is "dogmatic".

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

8 months

@byzantinemporia That's precisely Marx's point too.

David Jaz Myers

@myers_jaz

8 months

I hate this misinfo that gets posted all the time. Read the original for yourself, he’s starts off saying this and then says that *the task is to make sense of it anyway* through eg a limit notion:

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Marxists practice should consciously aim to accumulate capital (and socialise it). Activity shouldn't be only political (parties, protest, propaganda, trade unionism etc) but include developing new forces and relations of production that directly compete and crowd-out capitalism.

lythra

@lythraistired

1 year

what’s a marxist opinion you got that’ll get you like this

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

Listen to this kenotically possessed individual, pure agent of capital, propose that mass discontent is driven by envy. He is not greedy; no, workers are envious. So blinded by the Real God he cannot see the rational desire for equality. His world is dark.

Nathan Baugh

@nathanbaugh27

2 years

Not many 90 second videos change how I view the world. But Charlie Munger arguing envy drives the world — not greed — certainly did:

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

6 months

A bourgeois economist having a normal one. (Note the phrase "value or price" in the second paragraph!)

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Remember people, counting is bourgeois.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

4 months

I like this book so much I bought a physical copy.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

Four simple political principles to serve as guiding lights: 1. All humans, as a matter of fact, are equal. 2. The wage system is inherently exploitative and unjust. 3. Reject nationalism. Embrace internationalism. 4. No war but class war.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

I've been looking forward to reading Richard Seaford's works on early monetisation and revolutions in culture, especially metaphysics. I'm starting on this one, and will tweet quotes as I go along, in case it's of interest.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

8 months

I discovered, from responding to some of the replies to this post, that American racists are robotically anti-Marx, egregiously overconfident and clueless about the history and foundations of the calculus. Who would have guessed!

Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

8 months

Those dunking on Marx expose themselves as not having studied the history and foundations of the calculus. Here's Hamkins, Professor of Logic at Oxford, making the same point as Marx in 2020 (in his Lectures on the Philosophy of Mathematics).

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

7 months

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Important to get our priorities right.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

8 months

Finally, finally, I've started writing my book. I expect it'll take about two years. Wish me luck! 🍀

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

Marx's capital is stuffed full of qualitative and quantitative data, and mathematical models. Marx's critique of political economy was, and is, a scientific project to understand the real, not ideal, possibilities of changing capitalism into communism. A scientific socialism.

Branko Milanovic

@BrankoMilan

4 years

A curiosity. Marx in Ch25 of Capital shows 1865 numbers for top English taxpayers (Schedule D, tax on profit at the time). Had he plotted these numbers (in logs), he would have found a perfect Pareto relationship. This had to wait though for another 30y.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

Fear of AI is the fear of ourselves under capitalism. We can't trust the ruling class to use these tools in our interests. Yet most AI criticism is reactionary because it ignores social relations. For in capitalism we're already governed and classified by a misaligned algorithm.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

4 months

If only we had a theory to explain this contradiction.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

7 months

Nozick gets Marx's concept of "socially necessary labor time" wrong (as many Marxist misinterpreters also do) but draws the correct conclusion that such misinterpretation yields a vacuous and incoherent theory of value (as the Marxist misinterpreters refuse to do).

Chris Freiman

@cafreiman

7 months

Nozick’s takedown of the labor theory of value: “The central notion of socially necessary labor time is itself defined in terms of the processes and exchange ratios of a competitive market!”

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

7 months

This is what no Marxism does to otherwise good scientists. Dawkins clumsily masks his racism by appealing to religion. But differences between Christianity, Islam and Judaism are minor. All worship the same God. Christians are the outliers by asserting Jesus was god incarnate.

Arnaud Bertrand

@RnaudBertrand

7 months

This is quite something: Richard Dawkins, undoubtedly the world's leading atheist, the author of The God Delusion, comes out as "cultural Christian" and calls for the UK to promote Christianity as opposed to Islam, which he calls "not a decent religion".

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Marx's Capital is quantitative: full of empirical data, mathematical laws and numerical examples. To be a Marxist is to take empirical data seriously. Dialectic: theory precedes measurement *and* measurement precedes theory. Obsession with texts is arid scholasticism.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

MMT and Austrian economics are mirror images. MMT wants soft money to redistribute wealth to middle class. Austrians want hard money to maintain value of middle class savings. Dominant capitals, in control of state, ignore both and switch between soft and hard to maintain power.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

Finally recovering from ~3 years of long covid. I no longer suffer from overwhelming fatigue, brain fog and exercise intolerance. In case this helps others, about 400 micro-grams of vitamin D per day is transformative for me, like a wonder drug. I'm about 90% back. Relieved.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

Services (e.g. clowning) are material commodities that happen to be consumed simultaneously with their production (e.g. a child's party) with values that include vertical inputs (e.g. balloons, magic tricks etc.) Vulgar materialism to insist commodities must be "hard things".

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

5 months

Marx was a genius.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

The identification of capitalism with money, markets and commodities is a prevalent error. Marx called his opus "Capital" for a reason. Capital is self-valorising value -- mediated by money, markets and commodities -- but not reducible to them. Useful quotation from Marx:

sovietstern

@sovietstern

2 years

Karl Marx 1867 publically speaking up against those who identify »production and circulation of commodities« with capitalism: »The production and circulation of commodities are however, phenomena that occur to a greater or less extent in modes of production the most diverse.«

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Marxists who claim value is specific to capitalism deny the historical evidence of pre-capitalist money, markets and commodity production; and ignore Marx who stated that value existed in antiquity. Biblical literalists, who deny the fossil evidence, at least respect the text.

Jason Smith

@profitratedown

1 year

Engels claiming the law of value has been in operation for the past "five to seven thousand years" casts a pall over his entire historical existence

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

9 months

I'm an atheist. But seeing innocents murdered, especially children, their very existence stolen away by racist ghouls, makes me wish that their martyrdom is real, and their spirits, one day, will win the peace and justice that was denied to them in this broken, ill-ruled world.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

Very gratifying to be lurking in the darkness, down in the depths.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

5 months

100% true regarding the errors of analytical Marxism. Sadly, they didn't use the tools of formal logic and math to illuminate and extend Marx's theory, but instead used them to force Marx into their flat ontology of methodological individualism (i.e. neoclassical economics).

Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

6 months

I want to get a deeper understanding of the relationship between social structures and agency. Just read the introduction to the 2nd edition of @alex_callinicos 's "Making History". Very helpful and clear. Nice shout outs to critical realism. Looking forward to reading it.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

Marxism is like Gnosticism by claiming society is controlled by a demiurge, Capital. Marxism is unlike Gnosticism for Capital is a human creation, our alienated powers. Marxism is not vulgarly anti-religious as it aims to realise its progressive content. Immanentize the eschaton!

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

The sobering truth is that Chat-GPT, in the guise of Karl Marx, is significantly better at understanding Marx's theory than most humans.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

6 months

Perhaps some confusion would have been avoided if Marx had not used "value", "use-value" and "exchange-value" but instead "intrinsic value", "functional value" and "nominal value".

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

You cannot sustain the core message without the quantitative content of Marx’s theory of value, because the core message necessarily includes specifying *by how much* workers are exploited, not merely asserting that they are.

Jacobin

@jacobin

2 years

Even among Marx-friendly economists, the labor theory of value has fallen out of favor. But its technical validity is less important than the core message: workers are exploited because the value they create is undemocratically taken by capitalists.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Imperialism decides when history begins. It begins when the empire is wronged, not when the empire wrongs. Day zero of our new historical understanding is mere days ago when Hamas attacked "first", an event that can only be explained as an inexplicable eruption of exogenous evil.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

Enjoying to see all the left-wing capitalists convert their businesses to democratic worker co-ops, and using their control of the press to agitate for the abolition of equity capital.

Outsideness

@Outsideness

2 years

The "Wealthy capitalists are right-wing by definition" chorus is far louder and even dumber than I would have guessed. ...

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

To be fair, Piketty's position of not having read Capital, and his claim there’s no data in it, is identical to some Marxists who've only read secondary literature that reduces Marx to all qualitative form and no quantitative substance.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

"We often say that a capitalist possesses capital. But it is more accurate to say that capital possesses them. Capitalists are the human face of an inhuman intelligence with its own logic and its own goals."

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

10 months

No digital representations can be trusted anymore. All the more important to base one's politics on enduring theoretical principles rather than transient empirical events, which now can be entirely manufactured to order.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Dumb human thinks proto-intelligent algorithms are an existential threat to a civilisation already controlled by a dumb algorithm.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

You can't both be a socialist (X) and a nationalist (Y). Because an essential goal of X is uniting the international working class. But an essential goal of Y is uniting a nation's working class with its ruling class. If you want to feel patriotic pride then feel it for humanity.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 months

Reading McNair's "Revolutionary Strategy", which correctly starts from the utter failure of revolutionary parties to gain popular support, and found this quote that I think is true and important (in the context of a "minimum programme").

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Ultra-left nihilism vs. Socialism

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

11 months

Some ABC's of Marx's value theory, and why value, both its substance (abstract labor) and its magnitude (socially necessary labor-time) cannot be defined in terms of exchange-value or the conditions in the market.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 months

After long COVID I can no longer drink alcohol. A small amount makes me ill for days. Others have reported this too. Surprisingly this is a gift. I've been a heavy drinker most of my life, at times full blown alcoholism. After being forced to become teetotal, life is much better.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 months

Book update. Latest TOC. All the chapters are sketched out, and reference material compiled. Chapters 6 and 7 are 75% complete. This is going to take awhile ...

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

6 months

Three months on and I've outlined the book, including the structure of the entire argument, to my satisfaction. Now it's time to turn to writing individual chapters. Here's the current (admittedly enigmatic) table of contents. Obviously this will change. 🍀

Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

8 months

Finally, finally, I've started writing my book. I expect it'll take about two years. Wish me luck! 🍀

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 months

Book update. I realized that I want to write two books: a popular book on capital as a real god, and a more technical book on the economics of value. They go together. So I'm writing both.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

Member of Fed Open Market Committee: “there is a bit of a savings buffer still sitting for households, that may allow them to continue to spend ... that suggests we may have to keep at this [raising the interest rate] for a while.” Translation: workers have too much money.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

A sign of the some post 1980's regression in Marxist academic scholarship with regard to Marx's theory of value (dating from around Steedman's "Marx After Sraffa") is the assertion that Marx proposes a "monetary theory of value" rather than a "labour theory of value".

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

New article in Historical Materialism debunking Heinrich's interpretation of Marx's value theory. Nothing new here really, for those in the know, but nice to see, in one place, a clear demarcation between Marx's theory and Heinrich's vulgarisation.

Value, Exchange, and Heinrich’s ‘New Reading of Marx’: Remarks on Marx’s Value-Theory, 1867–72

Abstract The exclusive emergence of value and abstract human labour through exchange of mere products is a fundamental principle within the ‘New Reading of Marx’, especially that of Michael Heinrich....

brill.com

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

6 months

Such an important observation. And one piece of evidence that points to the general conclusion: any revolutionary strategy, worthy of the name, must include a plan to accumulate capital held in common at scale. A necessity that is hugely under theorised and hardly practiced.

Nia Frome

@NiaFrome

6 months

it's so silly that every left-winger is wracking their brains to come up with something that might constitute an effective organizing practice, like to give our policy preferences some teeth, and for every right-wing cause the answer every time is just "buy congress"

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

The "problem of evil" is a non-problem because the premise - that an all-powerful G(o)od exists - is childish. But the "problem of negation" (why does reality oppose us?) is profound, if rarely posed. I like Hegel's answer: being, as a logical necessity, is self-contradictory.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

All academic disciplines that require low capital investment could and should exit the universities and form international teaching and research co-operatives. The beauracratic bloat is redundant and parasitic. The increased autonomy and academic freedom would be liberating.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

Absence is much harder to notice than presence. However, at times like this the historic failure of the communist tradition to build a single international worker organisation, with real material power, which transcends nation-states and their dominant capitals, becomes glaring.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

"Capital claims the ownership of all wealth which can ever be produced, and everything it has received so far is but an instalment for its all-engrossing appetite. By its innate laws, all surplus-labour which the human race can ever perform belongs to it. Moloch."

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

What kind of Darwinian is one that rejects the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection? Would it be dogmatic to suggest they are, in fact, not a Darwinian? The reality is that the bourgeois academy can only assimilate a bastardised version of Marx and Marxism.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Capitalism is dense with lies: politics is mainly lies; corporate culture is a lie; equality under the law is a lie; a rule-based international order is a lie etc We know it yet the charade persists. Why? Class societies must continually present particular interests as universal.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

Just got this through the door: an advert for a classical Chinese dance show at the local theatre. Great! Hold on ... "China before Communism". Hmm, a bit "sus", as @subliminaljihad would say. Quick investigation (1/n)

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Once, evil needed explaining as it contradicted the reality of God. Now, in the imperial centres, evil is an unanalysable property of a rebellious periphery. No explanation, only people to eradicate. This ideology hides the true evil: unconscious worship of capital, a modern god.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 months

I wonder how long until Chinese consumers have a product line that Westeners covet and lack.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

10 months

New interview with Fred Moseley on Michael Heinrich's "fundamental misinterpretation of Marx’s theory". Moseley: "Marx’s theory of value cannot be reasonably be interpreted as a value-form theory." Indeed.

Marx’s value theory and the value form interpretation

This post is long but something well worth reading during the festive break. As I mentioned in a recent blog, at the Historical Materialism conference in London in November, there was a book launch…

thenextrecession.wordpress.com

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

You don't need Deleuze or Nietzsche for this. It's simply Marxism.

ACID HORIZON

@acidhorizonpod

1 year

Deleuze's elaboration of Nietzsche's active/reactive force provides a key to explaining how capital comes to invert the image of capital/labor relation. A function of the fiction of capital is flip the libidinal profile of the labor-to-capital circuit. 1/x

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

This pretty much sums it up.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

Marx and Engels are consistent and clear: the value-form predates capitalist social relations. Yet another example: Marx in his 1867 preface to Capital points out that "the human mind has for more than 2,000 years" sought "to get to the bottom" of the value-form.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

6 months

Here's another member of the (defunct) Revolutionary Communist Party (UK). Now in "the Lords" slandering anti-genocide protesters. What a strange, eerie, spooky, political trajectory.

Claire Fox

@Fox_Claire

6 months

Earlier today, during a question on safety for UK Jews, I alerted the Lords that Columbia University encampment is coming to UCL (announced as starting on Friday). Grim for Jewish students if it brings the kind of anti-Semitic bile and threats we have seen in US.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

4 months

Kalecki said economics is "the science of confusing stocks with flows". It's also the science of confusing natural with social properties.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

Rubin's lecture notes on the history of economic thought are a great companion to Marx's theories of surplus-value. Both are important to understand the (under appreciated and poorly understood) roots of Marxism in classical political economy.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

Dialectical Materialism was the theoretical expression of a hypothesised unity underlying all phenomena. Hence the elaboration of universal laws that apply to thought and being. The modern theoretical expression of this unity is the theory of computation.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

(And if the term "scientific" applied to social phenomena causes discomfort consider that you may have become disarmed and disoriented by bourgeois ideology, which prefers its workers to remain sceptical and wary of the potential of science for human progress and emancipation.)

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Always interested in new results of quantitative Marxism. The negative correlation between the organic composition of capital and the rate of profit has been observed in other studies too.

Tomas Rotta

@tomasrotta

1 year

Marx was right. Profit rates decline because capital intensity rises faster than the rate of exploitation. Here’s the evidence at the global level: From my joint work with @Kumar_EconIneq

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

Not that it really matters, but Zelensky is not at this location. This is clearly a green screen.

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@ianpaulwright

2 years

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

7 months

"Abstract labor", in Marx's theory, is not a mental abstraction, nor a "real abstraction" constituted by market exchange. Abstract labor is the substance of value, viz. the expenditure of homogeneous human labor-power. What does this mean?

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

Marx's theory of value is also a theory of prices. Explains how prices diverge from (supply/demand) and converge to (attractor of law of value) values as capitalism tries to allocate labour time to social need. Periodic crises: values assert like a house collapsing with gravity.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

8 years

@SpectreRedux @jimalkhalili I'd have Jim in the UK over a racist like yourself all day long.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

There are theists and atheists. But all worship the god that hides in their pockets.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

4 years

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 months

Working on a new dynamic ODE model with multiple firms, heterogeneous techniques, and joint production. Excited about this. Here's a plot of the profit-rates of a 5-firm, 4-commodity economy as it gravitates toward the natural price equilibrium.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

Ignorant of Italian politics but this speech (and others) is classic Fascism: attracting workers by defending the family unit while misdirecting the blame from capitalism (and national ruling class) and towards cultural degenerates (finance capital, foreigners, minorities etc.)

Greg Price

@greg_price11

2 years

This is Italy’s new Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni. I’ve never heard any politician so perfectly explain what we’re up against and why we fight. When you watch this video, you’ll quickly realize why the establishment is afraid of her.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

2 years

My review of “How Labor Powers the Global Economy” (2022) by Farjoun, Machover & Zachariah, the sequel to the seminal “Laws of Chaos” (1983), is now in the Weekly Worker. This is a fantastic book. Please retweet if you're into Marxist value theory.

Review of “How Labor Powers the Global Economy” by Emmanuel Farjoun, Moshé Machover and David Zac...

Read my review in the Weekly Worker.

ianwrightsite.wordpress.com

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

1 year

Oh look, another fan of Heilhitlerdegger.

Haz Al-Din 🇷🇺

@InfraHaz

1 year

§78 Originally a student of Husserl and the phenomenological school, Martin Heidegger inadvertently lays the foundation for a complete rediscovery of Marx, emancipating Western thought from its metaphysical shackles and opening the way for a truly consistent materialist outlook.

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Ian Wright

@ianpaulwright

3 years

Cryptocurrencies are the hopium of the people.

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