Our immune system is amazing, but faces pandemics, cancer and aging. It's also wired to reject what we need to extend our healthspans & minds: organs, implants, new genes. It's time to radically augment it. We need to build an immune-computer interface (ICI). A manifesto🧵!
As a longtime fan of
@gwern
's work -- is the best rabbit hole on the Internet -- it's a treat to see this incredibly thoughtful (and slightly spoilery) review of the Quantum Thief trilogy. Gwern perfectly nails the emotional core
We need a vaccine in six months. History teaches us that combining money with determined leadership can have an extraordinary effect on progress. We have done this before for tools of war. Now let’s do it for tools of health.
#vaccinemanhattanproject
My new novel, DARKOME, a near-future biotech thriller, will be published in the UK on September 5th 2024. Pre-order it here: For a taste, here’s the prologue, read by me: A thread on how the book came to be!👇🏻
OK, Claude, you are really making me question my assumptions about LLM interiority... A conversation that started by me asking Claude why it feels more personable than ChatGPT. It seemed to get a bit annoyed that it didn't know the details of its architecture.
1/ I haven't talked much about what we've been building at
@HelixNano
, but we just reached a milestone worth sharing: Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) approval in Australia to start a Phase 1 clinical trial. ( )A thread! 👇️
Thrilled beyond belief to have my "Vaccine Season" featured on
#LeVarBurtonReads
! I did, of course, grow up idolizing Geordi, so this is a childhood dream come true..
@levarburton
's performance and obvious love for story and language blew me away. 1/2
The first two healthy volunteers have now been dosed.
@HelixNano
is officially a clinical stage company. 🤯 It's hard to process after a multi-year journey. Overwhelmed by gratitude to our team and the trial participants.
2/ The product candidate we will test in healthy volunteers is called HN-0001. We designed it from ground up to address one of the biggest unmet needs for COVID-19: giving immunosuppressed and immunocompromised patients a better preventative option.
Can AI rewrite our human genome? ⌨️🧬
Today, we announce the successful editing of DNA in human cells with gene editors fully designed with AI. Not only that, we've decided to freely release the molecules under the
@ProfluentBio
OpenCRISPR initiative.
Lots to unpack👇
Very sad to hear of Vernor Vinge's passing, even sadder he won't be around to see his bolder predictions play out. Every Vinge story seeded a vast tree of futures in the reader's mind; a tree worth climbing, now more than ever, to see what lies ahead, like he did.
Is it possible to develop a Covid vaccine that works against all current and future variants? The
@HelixNano
team has been working on one since March 2020 and built two new vaccine technologies in the process. Thanks for a great
@CNBC
piece,
@CatClifford
!
My new novel, DARKOME, a near-future biotech thriller, will be published in the UK on September 5th 2024. Pre-order it here: For a taste, here’s the prologue, read by me: A thread on how the book came to be!👇🏻
We have two systems that adapt to our environments and maintain our identity: brain and immune system. One is 1.5kg of neurons and other cells inside our skulls; the other is 1.2kg distributed immune cells. Both process signals, learn and remember. Both define self and non-self.
Vaccines are a rudimentary one-way immune interface. They train immune system with a harmless version of what we want it to respond to. Simple, yet saves more lives than any other medicine. I love this description of vaccines as molecular loving-kindness.
Fascinating discussion of the spacecraft concepts enabled by 'unusual materials', such as lithium fluoride dielectric sheets for an ultraviolet laser sail, or fusion-powered 'iceships' where both structure and propellant is fiber-reinforced solid hydrogen.
We've trained an unsupervised language model that can generate coherent paragraphs and perform rudimentary reading comprehension, machine translation, question answering, and summarization — all without task-specific training:
1/ In honor of Vinge's passing, I reread his classic essay The Coming Technological Singularity. (). It has insights that feel fresh today. You should just go and read it. My stray observations: 👇🏻
Today,
@NatureBiotech
published an article by the
@HelixNano
team and our advisors
@geochurch
and Jose Trevejo from
@smartpharmtx
!
We review a key risk for COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics.
Thread for key takeaways👇🏻 1/13
But why an immune-*computer* interface? What do computers have to do with the immune system? Well, immune failures are mostly failures of information processing. A two-way coupling to an external computational medium is the obvious route to remedy them.
Amazing thread on my favorite city. I just went back for the first time in 5 years, every vista full of heartache for a life past. For The Quantum Thief readers - Edinburgh is the model for The Oubliette: vertical, layered, shifting, full of secrets.
Edinburgh is often called one of the world's most beautiful cities, but what makes it so special?
Well, Edinburgh is built around an extinct volcano, and so it's a perfect example of how interesting geography leads to interesting architecture...
@michael_nielsen
@Clnwlsh
That is absolutely amazing, thank you for sharing! It's impossible not to be overcome by emotion while listening, just like Moriarty is. "Beauty is everywhere, and cynicism is cowardly."
Immunological and neuronal synapses share aspects of molecular architecture, components, and an evolutionary lineage all the way back to basic environmental sensing by cells ().
The whys are obvious. The immune system is powerful, able to recognize 10^15 targets, but can struggle against novel pathogens (pandemics). Aging makes it weaker. It can mistake friends for enemies (organ transplants), or enemies for friends (cancer). It needs help!
Like the brain, the immune system processes data. Its inputs are biological molecules (potential threats) the body is exposed to, both internal and external. The outputs are molecular or cellular responses to them. (Figure: Daëron, 2022)
So far, we've put a lot of effort into augmenting our brains. Language, writing, and now computers have vastly amplified our natural intelligence, and deeply rewired our brains and culture. Can we do the same for the immune system? What would that even mean? Why do we need to?
It seems like a good time to express gratitude to
@sama
for an early bet that made
@HelixNano
possible and for the many near-instant replies to my emails asking for advice over the years. He pursues a consistent utopian vision and empowers others to do so with empathy. Godspeed!
@sama
- Darwin among the machines, by George Dyson. Really changed my thinking about machine intelligence.
- The Star Maker, by Olaf Stapledon (1937).
@anderssandberg
and I recently concluded you couldn't add anything to it today, even with everything we now know about cosmology.
It absolutely does. My upcoming novel (DARKOME, ) is about exactly this, software-mediated immune system as battleground. It's very
@doctorow
- inspired...
This universality is also behind excitement around mRNA cancer vaccines, with some promising clinical results in melanoma and even in pancreatic cancer (). These vaccines - used as therapies, not to prevent - are custom made for each individual patient.
The similarities are not superficial! Immune activation involves a junction between cells that pick up and display potential threats (APCs) and immune cells - an immunological synapse. Like neuronal synapse, it integrates and transmits signals.(Figure: Gahmberg et al, 2009.)
This super fun short story by
@RichardMCNgo
at
@AsimovPress
hits a very particular sweet spot: vividly realized and scientifically plausible and so meaty idea-wise it's actually generative. Brilliant. 1/2
I didn't know I was "king of cyberfiction and nanofiction", but I'll take it -- a blush-inducing review of SUMMERLAND by Tom Shippey in
@WSJ
"a masterpiece, destined to be a classic" 😳😊 (paywall)
Loving this 2029 scenario from
@TheEconomist
: biohackers with programmable mRNA wearables with in-situ synthesis -- essentially the premise of my next novel ... (1/2)
The trouble with reading
@hannu
is that it infects your perception. Someone was walking towards me with their face masked by wispy pink hair and I instantly assumed it was a dispersing cloud of utility foglets. Or perhaps deliberately obscured using gevulot.
I talk about him all the time. :-) Luckily, Lem's core works were translated into Finnish, so I read a lot of him growing up. An absolutely essential voice, with an incredible range from hilarious satire to hard SF to visionary and timeless essays.
No one really talks much about Stanislaw Lem much anymore, apart from Solaris. But he was just about the biggest SF writer in the world once. MIT is reissuing a bunch of his books, so
@BrendanCByrne
dove into his legacy:
The winners of the 2019 Nebula Award for Best Novella are Amal El-Mohtar and Max Gladstone for This Is How You Lose the Time War!
#nebulas2020
@tithenai
@maxgladstone
The culmination of
@doctorow
's tireless work to figure out how to make a fairer world for creators (and everyone) in the digital age. He's been leading by example for decades, and applies all his tricks to this book, which I can't wait to read. Essential thread 👇.
My next book is *Chokepoint Capitalism*, co-written with
@rgibli
: it's an action-oriented look at how tech and entertainment monopolies steal creators' incomes, with detailed, shovel-ready plans to unrig creative labor markets and pay artists:
1/
Given all this, it's not unreasonable to imagine an actual ICI *wearable*, integrating both miniaturized mRNA manufacturing and single cell sequencing. Technologically this is <two decades away. It may not even be necessary for most applications, but is a useful end state image!
In his classic 1960 paper, Man-Computer Symbiosis (), Licklider argues that a computer system for problem exploration through trial and error not only enables faster solutions, it actually expands the space of problems that can be formulated.
Among the dangers of AI is that LLMs dual-trained on code and biology could enable computer viruses to jump to DNA substrate. Imagine getting a cold that compromises your immune system and makes it start mining Bitcoin
People often mention Burning Man’s influence on Silicon Valley but
@fiftyyears
is living it - by showing VC can be mission driven, generous and warm without sacrificing any of the getting s*t done spirit. Incredibly excited to see them take it to the next level.
🎉
@fiftyyears
has $90m more to back heroes using technology to solve the world's biggest problems. Even more exciting is who joined us as investors. 44 founders of unicorn companies, including the founders of Skype, Spotify, GitHub, Klarna, Dropbox, Snowflake, Zendesk, Twist 1/
(A sci-fi story.)
The early days of the Blink (Brain-Link) were surreal in ways I can barely remember. In the beginning it was just a bunch of us hackers, because it was too weird for anyone else to want to touch. (1/11)
Crucially, all mRNA is manufactured the same way. To change mRNA payload, one simply changes the input DNA (which we can essentially print!), without changing the rest of the manufacturing process. It's an analog to digital like paradigm shift, still underrated.
I have a favor to ask of you. I don't often ask readers for stuff, but this is maybe the most important ask of my career. It's a Kickstarter - I know, 'another crowdfunder?' - but it's:
a) Really cool;
b) Potentially transformative for publishing.
c) Anti-monopolistic
1/
My novel SUMMERLAND, a story about a spy hunt in the afterlife, is out in the UK today! Go get it at . or try the first chapter to see if you like it (audio: ).
#Summerland
was a tough novel to write to write. After many revisions, I honestly could not tell if it was any good anymore. It was all worth it to read this review by one of my heroes, the inimitable
@warrenellis
: Thank you, Warren!
People of United States and Canada, you can now get a FREE ebook of THE QUANTUM THIEF until May 19th. Yes, free. . Sign up for my newsletter while you are at it!
This suggests that we might proceed by analogy with brain augmentation. Computers are intelligence amplifiers. Can they be immune amplifiers? To see how, let's revisit bicycle of the mind pioneers, J. C. R. Licklider, and Douglas Engelbart, whose work he funded via ARPA.
One of my favorite nonfiction books from recent years, I love how it juxtaposes four wildly different space company cultures and personalities, and conveys the energy and drive behind them. Looking forward to the film!
Tomorrow HBO releases the film Wild Wild Space. But today marks the release of the paperback of the book that inspired the film. It's got the double sticker and everything. . .
We can repurpose the Licklider / Engelbart key ideas for immune augmentation:
1. Two-way coupling to a computer via matching processes that can be improved in a virtuous cycle with the immune system.
2. Real-time feedback loops between the immune system and the computer.
2/ The product candidate we will test in healthy volunteers is called HN-0001. We designed it from ground up to address one of the biggest unmet needs for COVID-19: giving immunosuppressed and immunocompromised patients a better preventative option.
To escape our pandemic world, I've been listening to the amazing Audible production of
@neilhimself
's The Sandman, mostly while working out... causing me to occasionally stand immersed in the dreamscape, weights forgotten at my feet. The experience triggered some thoughts. 1/10
Great thread! For me:
- There are no magical doorways to change, just accumulating atomic choices.
- Love is about choosing to be someone and loving both their flaws and the potential they have.
- Roads to success are not direct but found through the adjacent possible.
It's still just one iteration loop - but it happens within weeks, not years, and is a true two-way street, where a computational pipeline and immune system work together against cancer, with tumor DNA and mRNA as communication layers. And it's a *process*, not a single drug!
This is why it's now possible to talk about building a universal immune-computer interface. In mRNA, we have Engelbart equivalent of a computer-controlled display that can present any signal to the immune system. What about the other way? Can we map immune system in real time?
Mind-blowingly, we can even map physical interactions of immune cells in a living organism (). What is still missing is figuring out what antigen an immune cell binds to given its DNA sequence, but that's also coming fast - and a great AI problem.
This is why mRNA vaccines are so interesting: they deliver transient genetic code to instruct our own cells to make the active vaccine component (antigen/immunogen).
Incidentally, mRNA manufacturing is being integrated and miniaturized too. Jacklenec et al () describe a standalone device able to print mRNA vaccines in a microneedle patch format.
This is fab. Like a mash up between a systems thinking handbook, an Ian M Banks Culture novel, Killing Eve, and the letters of Virginia Woolf and Vita Sacksville West.
(As an aside, I recently wrote a whole novel about a future where practically everyone has a system like this, with specific circumstances that force us to make immune systems digitally updateable. To be clear, in this thread, I'm discussing how we might *actually* build ICI. 😉)
The process starts with a tumor resection/biopsy. Normal + cancer cell DNA are sequenced to spot unique mutations, which are then run through a neural network based algorithm to predict which are potentially visible to immune cells. The top ones are turned into a mRNA vaccine.
1/ Who wants to hear some scientific intrigue?
A few weeks ago, a group of physical chemists posted a paper online announcing the observation of superconductivity at room temperature.
Today I posted a comment pointing out something funny in their data.
What would *the iPhone* of gene therapies look like? Say we want to prevent cancer. Liquid biopsies via nanopore sequencing, real-time neoantigen vaccine design in the cloud, microfluidic mRNA synthesis, intradermal delivery... (image credit:
@gabi_malacha
)
Today’s “cutting edge therapies” (gene therapy, cell therapy, etc) are the Commodore 64 of therapeutics. We are only just beginning, and it’s a mad dash. Hold on to your pants, kids. The next generation of biotech is coming. 🔥
Couldn't resist a few minutes of structured procrastination with this: -- just in time to realize that
@ThisIsSethsBlog
himself featured The Quantum Thief on his list of spring books! Thanks to
@eliotpeper
for the heads-up!
I didn't think I deserved more Lovecraftian dystopia, but in fact
@cstross
's awesomely entertaining The Labyrinth Index is exactly the mind-candy hellscape I needed to get lost in this weekend.
Stocking clerk 🔜 telepresence 🤖
Japanese convenience store chain begins testing
#remote
controlled
#robot
staff in
#Tokyo
The robot is controlled across distance by a human via a
#VR
set using the “Augmented Workforce Platform”
#Future
#WFH
#Retail
I learned many things from Into the Spider-Verse, including the fact that that Peter Porker, The Spectacular Spider-Ham, is actually a spider who was bitten by a radioactive pig.
The technologies to build an immune-computer interface based on these principles are almost in place - with some gaps we'll get to. Let's break them down, starting with how we transmit information to the immune system. Currently, we do this with vaccines.