Hi, PhD in ancient Christianity here. Since apparently you want primary sources and not “unsourced opinion pieces,” I’ll try my best. But complex historical analysis requires much more space than Twitter allows, so I will include peer-reviewed articles at the end.
More like, “Xstians, living in a society that marked the equinox and solstice on Mar 25 and Dec 25, influenced by solar theology and a desire to raise Jesus’ life to a cosmic scale, embarked on chronographic speculations, settling on Mar 25 and Dec 25 for his death and birth.”
History is hard. It is subjective and interpretive. But it is an evidence-based, empirical discipline. I have read all of the primary and secondary sources I just quoted, and am convinced by their arguments. Will you?
Though, rather than outright “stealing” between Christians and pagans, scholars see this as everyone (pagan, Christian, and otherwise) having a vested interest to link their god to a day already considered cosmologically important for half a millennium: the Winter Solstice.
I want to make sure I’m understanding this right:
A person dressed like a pop tart was lowered into a fake toaster, which then produced an edible pop tart of the same size, which was then eaten by people, all to celebrate the victory of Kansas State over North Carolina State?
Christians prob settled on Dec 25 for Xmas b/c they were obsessed with calculating Jesus’ conception, birth, and death based on the vague info in the Gospels. March 25 (the Roman vernal equinox) became popular for his crucifixion, Dec 25 (the winter solstice) for his birth.
Many Jews and Christians believed that saints and prophets lived “perfect lives.” That means, they were born and died on the same day. Some apparently started believing Jesus was conceived and crucified on the same day (March 25).
Early 3rd c. evidence demonstrates that these chronographers started to settle on March 25 as the crucifixion day. Source: an “Easter calculation calendar” that likely was produced by the priest Hippolytus.
Apparently, a lot of Xstians were motivated to align Jesus’ death w/ this day to place him in a big cosmic narrative. Source: a Xstian text “On the solstice and equinox,” which tries really hard to link dates for Jesus’ and John the Baptist’s life to solstices or equinoxes.
The Governor has signed SB 34! This is legislation I filed that specifies that the Bible can be taught as an elective from a historical perspective in our public schools! This will provide the opportunity for our kids to have a better understanding of US History.
#moleg
So where does Dec 25 come in? Dec 25 was the day Romans recognized the winter solstice (See Pliny, Natural History 18.220–221). Notice this wasn't the actual winter solstice in antiquity, just the traditional day (Julian calendar fail). Notice also it is 9 months after Mar 25.
Christian writer Tertullian also floated a March 25th crucifixion-date in the early 3rd c. And this is definitely not a coincidence. This day was when the Romans marked the Vernal Equinox. (Source: Columella "De re rustica" 9.14.1, 9.14.12).
For easier to digest sources: I get into this topic a bit in my video on Saturnalia:
And "Why Dec 25th?":
Also, scholar
@PeterGainsford
has some truly excellent blog posts on this topic:
For an explicit example, see St. Augustine’s quote here from his text “De Trinitate Libri IV, 5(9):
“For he [Jesus] is believed to have been conceived on the 25th of March, upon which day also he suffered...But he was born, according to tradition, upon December the 25th.”
Scholarly, peer-reviewed sources easily available online:
-Nothaft, “The Origins of the Christmas Date” Church History 81:4 (Dec 2012), 903-911
-Nothaft. ‘Early Christian chronology and the origins of the Christmas date.’ Questions Liturgiques 94: 2013, 247–265
Obviously this implicates the Roman Sun God: Sol Invictus, who apparently was also celebrated on Dec 25, probably starting around the late 3rd c. under Emperor Aurelian (but earliest evidence of this from a Christian calendar dating to 354. Not great evidence for this festival).
Augustine is late, but the table quoted earlier (as well as Tertullian and Hippolytus’ Commentary on Daniel) implies Xstians were already buying into this “perfect life” idea as early as the 3rd c, and placed the 3 life moments (conception, birth, death) on March 25 and Dec 25.
- Hijmans, “Sol Invictus, the Winter Solstice, and the Origins of Christmas,” Mouseion, 2003,
(see also Hijmans’ huge book on Sol Invictus: “Sol. The sun in the art and religions of Rome," 2009)
-Michele Salzman: “Aurelian and the Cult of the Unconquered Sun," 2017
I've been holding off announcing this b/c the pandemic has thrown off so many plans. But I'm super excited to say that I will be starting a 2-year Coptic Icons Postdoctoral Fellowship at the American Research Center in Egypt. Headed to Cairo next month.
Louisiana Gov. Jeff Landry (R) invokes biblical figures as he signs a law requiring public school classrooms in the state to display the Ten Commandments:
“If you want to respect the rule of law, you’ve got to start from the original lawgiver, which was Moses."
Super excited to announce a new project I am working on with The Atlantic. The Atlantic religion forum will be an online community where the biggest religion stories around the world will be discussed on a weekly basis. Share and sign up! More details to follow.
If you're a Christian, you should feel compelled to make more money.
My desire to make millions is mostly driven by my God given desire to spend millions on philanthropy.
Good people with capital can change the world.
NPR says, "The current court is the most pro-religion of any court in nearly 70 years." Really? I'd like to ask how religious minorities are feeling right now.
The Supreme Court has sided with a public school football coach who claimed he had the right to pray with students on the 50-yard line after each game.
I'm designing a syllabus for the first time in years, and it's invigorating me to double-down on Religion for Breakfast. It's so damn difficult to find undergraduate-friendly resources.
I find misinformation on TikTok so much more toxic than YouTube. Sure, the YT algorithm curates what videos appear in my feed, but ultimately, it is my decision to click on a video. TikTok just serves up mis- and disinformation unsolicited.
”You study religion? So you must be religious then?”
”You study architecture? So you just be a building?”
“You study Ancient Rome? So you must be an ancient Roman?”
Any other good ones you can think of Religious Studies Twitter?
Happy to announce that the Wikipedia article for Nabataean Aramaic, which I had some hand in editing, has passed review for Good Article status. Feels a lot like getting a paper accepted.
I must admit...I think about ancient Rome daily. Specifically popular religious practice in the late Roman Empire (mostly 5th - 6th c. CE) in the eastern Mediterranean region.
A new social media trend prompting women to ask the men in their lives how often they think about ancient Rome reveals that it crosses the minds of many men on a weekly basis. Even daily. Or more — to the surprise and confusion of their loved ones.
Marymount University’s board of trustees unanimously votes to eliminate 9 majors: Art, English, History, Philosophy, Mathematics, Sociology, Secondary Education, and Theology and Religious Studies
When telling others about my YouTube channel for the first time, the funniest thing I've heard from several people is: "It only focuses on religion? Aren't you worried about running out of topics?"
Still can’t get over how the Hungarians ended their annual national holiday celebrating the Feast of St Stephen, Hungary’s first Christian monarch, with drones making cross above Parliament. You’d never see that over US Capitol on July 4. I know why, but still. Go Hungary!
Also teaching about the Bible as a work of ancient literature is already legal in the US (Abington School District v. Schempp). So thanks for the redundant, performative virtue signaling.
Being a YouTuber means spending an hour practicing Classic Maya words before filming a video, knowing full well that someone in the comments will still call you out for mispronouncing them.
Dr. Andrew Mark Henry (
@andrewmarkhenry
), the host of YouTube's "Religion for Breakfast," will be speaking at the University of Iowa next Thursday, Nov. 16th, 2023 at 5:30pm.
Don't miss this opportunity to hear Andrew Mark Henry in person on the campus of the University of Iowa.
Finishing up an article on advancing religious literacy on social media, and let me tell you, I've never felt so pessimistic about the mission. We have a lot of work to do folks.
YouTubing means you're constantly discovering new fringe theories. The comment section of the new Shepherd of Hermas video is being flooded with comments arguing the Codex Sinaiticus is a forgery. Guess I now need to make a Codex Sinaiticus video...
On June 29th, The Atlantic published a story on Haitian Vodou. Here is what happened to my search traffic on my Vodou video in the weeks following that publication. A huge spike. YouTube is a search engine.
The social media climate for religion is polluted with misinfo, conspiracy theories, and bigotry. So my goal has always been to grab the top search result for keywords about religion, replacing that top result with a rigorously researched video based on peer-reviewed scholarship.
Religious Studies Twitter, our time has come. Crash Course, one of the largest educational YouTube channels on the platform, is hiring a WORLD RELIGIONS SUBJECT MATTER EXPERT. Finally! Go apply:
Have any scholars of religion compared QAnon and the mass panic over Satanic ritual abuse? Seems like a worthy topic to cover on Religion for Breakfast. Starting to compile a bibliography.
"Religious studies" remains one of the worst names for a discipline ever. If one more person describes me as a "religious scholar," I'm going to flip a few tables Jesus-style. Here's another plug for religiologist.
The irony of portraying 'The Middle' with Christianity in a country where 'nones' (people identifying as 'no religion' on surveys) now outnumber Catholics and Evangelicals respectively.
Journalism friends: How does one become a better interviewer? Are classes/tutorials available? And yes, I'm asking b/c I'm launching a Religion for Breakfast Podcast.
Tomorrow, I'll be sharing my thoughts on building an academic YouTube channel, and what I think about scholars working as content creators. Sign up for the webinar here:
Seriously, if you publish an "intro" text...and you name-drop a scholar without explanation or a Greek word without translation...it's not an intro text.
Terrible news from the University of Kent: "we have taken the decision to phase out Anthropology, Art History, Health & Social Care, Journalism, Music & Audio Technology, and Philosophy/Religious Studies"
Free research topic: Multiple times a day, I witness seething anger in my YouTube channel comments because I use "BCE / CE" instead of "BC / AD." I suspect there is an overlap between this anger and Christian nationalism. Happy to provide the data.
Religious Studies Twitter: Any scholarship recommendations on UFOs and religion? My UFO video from 4 years ago is spiking, and it seems the time is right to publish a sequel.
Throughout 2021-2022, I experimented with 30+ minute-long videos. But I'm falling back in love with the 12-15 minute range. Any preference between the two?
Since the pandemic has forced so many classes online, I put together a single-page list of my religious studies videos just in case one of them might be helpful for your syllabus:
After watching the 1 billionth well-meaning biblical studies TikToker repeat this tale, here’s your regular reminder: There is no evidence, archaeological or historical, that Gehenna was used for a garbage dump. This derives from a 13th c. rabbinic commentary. Not evidence.
In 2021, I'm trying something new: Launching an open call for pitches from scholars to write video scripts for Religion for Breakfast. RFB videos are basically 2,000-word essays presented to the camera. Send video pitches here: