Books! Icebound: Shipwrecked at the Edge of the World. One Long Night: A Global History of Concentration Camps. Nabokov bio. Words in WaPo, NYRB, Outside, etc.
So if you get kidnapped by random people in unmarked vans nowadays, you're supposed to just submit, in case it's actually law enforcement officers doing the abducting?
I wrote a book about concentration camps all over the world across the last century, and it turns out that getting to the abducting-political-opponents-in-vans stage is bad sign.
While writing a history of concentration camps, a key thing I learned about the collapse of democracy and the rise of authoritarianism is that it's critical for citizens not to accept the lesson of learned helplessness that ruling institutions try to instill.
Your weekly reminder from my concentration camp research on the last 100+ years: when a regime makes a grab for power, legislators are almost always too weak or too corrupt to stop it.
As a rule, by the time a society establishes concentration camps, a significant minority of the population is not only willing to tolerate the brutality of the camps but also *wants* them and believes them to be necessary. These people are unlikely to revise their opinion.
Yes, of course they're concentration camps. They aren't the unique subset of death camps that were invented by the Nazis for genocide, or even Arctic Gulag camps built for hard labor. But they're camps created to punish a whole class of civilians via mass detention without trial.
When I went into the Rohingya camps in Myanmar in 2015, I also talked to people in town who were happy their former neighbors were in camps. Insisting they weren't racist or bigots, many said all they really wanted was for the government to deport the Rohingya to another country.
I'm not sure the public understands the detention crisis that's been created and stoked by the US government. Things are going to get worse in so many ways. If history is a guide, we can already guess what some of them will be. Others we can hardly imagine.
Start with the fact that these kids—ages 5 to 12—were kidnapped by Trump’s government in the first place. Then they left them in vans overnight in the Texas heat. Folks get arrested for leaving their kids in a car during a job interview. Do the same here.
A thing I learned researching concentration camp history was how often governments doing deliberate harm to citizens & residents became an regular part of society, while everyone else slept & woke & felt afraid & went about their lives hoping nothing bad would happen to them.
If you report on cult-like rallies and post photos of Trump's audience in a stage-managed production, while the back 1/3 of a small arena (capacity <10K) is empty, you should mention that, too. Otherwise, you further the illusion of massive support.
A friend in Russia is now part of a network of thousands of volunteers trying to offset the harm their government is doing. As Ukrainians arrive in Russia, they meet them, feed them, coordinate transportation, find them places to stay, & get them to the Estonian or Finnish border
And no two moments in history are ever the same. But camps, sweeps and roundups, deportations and demonization of minority cultures--these things have happened over and over. They never end well. It's only a question of how far a nation will descend before it stops or is stopped.
It's important to realize it's not name-calling or hyperbole to say a significant minority of Americans want to live in a theocracy they're willing to impose on others by force. It's not a majority. They can be defeated. But you have to understand that's what they're gunning for.
Approaching Soviet-era levels of comedy, in which all the apparatchiks summoned by the Leader can't work on the propaganda campaign announcing that the state has triumphed over the coronavirus problem because they are sick with coronavirus.
My uncle has been very sick and was hospitalized again last month. He was doing better 2 weeks ago. But Friday, my aunt messaged to ask if I could talk at 9 about something important. I thought he had died. The phone rang at 9. I answered, and my uncle said, "I loved your book."
@ChaseMadar
1) so far, what the US is doing is similar to some prior systems, all of which degenerated further before they were ended (and many of which are still defended in surprising places today).
Just your daily reminder that we have a white nationalist running US immigration and border policy, as well as a detention camp system currently holding nearly 70,000 children. At what point will people feel comfortable acknowledging it as a concentration camp system?
@ChaseMadar
4) The longer a camp system stays open, the more predictable things will go wrong (contagious diseases, malnutrition, mental health issues). In addition, every significant camp system has also introduced new horrors of its own, that were unforeseen when that system was opened.
@ChaseMadar
10) Is it *possible* they'll close? Absolutely. But one of the big mistakes I saw when I visited the Rohingya camps a year before the ethnic cleansing was that a lot of observers were confusing the possible and the probable. The probability is that things will get worse. --FIN
@ChaseMadar
5) We now have a *massive* & growing camp system, with no powerful opposition in sight. Though there's a chance protest could work in the US (despite the fact that it hasn't happened in other cases), people aren't in the streets every night, demanding an end to the camps.
I tried repeatedly to pitch an op-ed or a feature in 2017 saying how close we were to having concentration camps in the continental US and was consistently told that no, no, were were hardly on the brink of that.
This is El Paso right now, where hundreds of migrant families are being held in the parking lot of a Border Patrol station because there is no room for them inside, or anywhere else.
@ChaseMadar
9) So, to sum up this brief sketch, the longer camps stay open, the worse they get, esp. if they survive their existential crisis & pass a 3- or 4-year mark. I don't see any current force in the US able & willing to close them, short of popular protest, which isn't happening yet.
@ChaseMadar
2) Big camp systems don't close themselves. Legislatures have never closed them against the will of an executive. This Supreme Court seems inclined to give the executive power it's historically had access to, even if that power might appear to be abused in current circumstances
I'm on a train to NYC to do a public conversation about Auschwitz this evening—including its meaning today—and reading the news, I wish I had to look harder to find examples that illustrate why it's important to remember this history.
@ChaseMadar
3) So I don't think the current court will end this camp system--they are far more likely to institutionalize it by half-measures, as has happened with Guantanamo.
Let me clarify to say that your *system* is most likely screwed and incapable of institutional response. In a place like the US, however, there is still a lot of opportunity for public outrage to have an effect.
I have family members that only watch Fox, and they honestly didn’t know that Covid cases were surging or that the daily US death toll was hovering around a 1000 per day. I’m not sure they believed me when I told them.
When you have a militarized police force, every civilian becomes a terrorist or an insurgent.
(Except for armed white vigilantes protesting lockdown, apparently.)
@ChaseMadar
6) Miller and Trump seem to have purged much of the DHS opposition, even though much of it was willing to be complicit. This kind of power struggle in the early years of a system is typical.
@ChaseMadar
7) If those who want to expand irregular detention win the fight (as they appear to have here), conditions tend to worsen significantly & become more punitive. It's unusual for any system that survives this crisis point to close w/o serious intervention from an outside country.
“If just one parent objects to a book it must be removed within 30 days. If it is not, the librarian must be fired and cannot work for any public school for 2 years. Parents can also collect at 10K per day from school districts if the book is not removed”
The 1930s saw concentration camps in many countries, but they often grew out of WWI internment & evolved locally. I'm very concerned about the expansion of mass civilian detention today as part of a global trend of exclusionary nationalism defined by race, religion or ethnicity.
@ChaseMadar
8) That said, US institutions *did* decide to close Japanese American camps in the US prior to the end of WWII. But problematic as the Court was then, I do not think the majority of the current Supreme Court is as thoughtful on these kinds of issues as it was in Ex parte Endo.
When I went to Chile for my concentration camp book, I talked to so many who held Kissinger responsible for destroying their country & their lives. They were tortured in horrific ways, detained in heinous conditions, then often exiled for years. May they sleep peacefully tonight.
They claimed the Rohingya were illegal immigrants, rapists, and terrorists. If I mentioned a Rohingya they actually knew, they would sometimes acknowledge maybe *that* Rohingya person wasn't a criminal. They often argued that the Rohingya should be deported as a group anyway.
One of the things I found while writing my book is that if divisive propaganda is applied to the right societal pressure points for long enough, almost any country will open concentration camps. And once a society goes there, it isn't easily undone. You can't just flip a switch.
When people look back on how the US blocked refugees at the border and held them in pens and cages, though we had other established ways to deal with them—when they talk about how we let children die and blamed their parents for it—no one can say we didn't know it was happening.
It's interesting how people who show up in my mentions to say Obama had cruel border policies, too, are never satisfied when I say, "Yes, I've been critical of US detention policies under several prior presidents, and Trump has taken up existing tools to do even worse things."
When I called these sites concentration camps right out of the gate, it was because they had key aspects of prior systems: removal of a targeted population from society, public brutalization of that group for political gain, and mass detention as a tool to abuse untried civilians
@ChaseMadar
Just looking at it analytically, the odds suggest things will get much worse. There's so much to cover, I can't put it all in a couple tweets. I really need to write a piece on this. But here are a few random things.
It was heartbreaking. I was there just after Trump had declared his candidacy in the US, and it was the same rhetoric, almost word for word. A little over a year later in Myanmar, the military drove hundreds of thousands of Rohingya over the border amid terrible atrocities.
And... a TV news program just invited me on to discuss the nuclear power plant that's on fire. Sometimes I despair for humanity. (I sent them the name of an actual expert.)
I think people today tend to reach first for the Nazi example because with the Final Solution, Germany entered another universe and descended all the way into the abyss. So it's the camps story that is foremost in people's mind and is told most often--as it should be.
I approached a lot of editors last fall about doing a piece on the long, forgotten history of American concentration camps. Many didn't even respond. Those who did said this history didn't seem relevant. I still haven't been able to write that piece.
I'm here as the official advocate for gray hair to say let it go gray. Stop spending money on your hair. Do some push-ups. Become a competitive lasagna eater. Write a book. Climb a mountain. Pet a dog. You will always be so much more interesting than your hair.
Expansion from tracking individuals suspected of crimes to creating permanent files on whole classes of people is one of the hallmarks of a concentration camp regime.
I pitched an opinion piece to the NYT in 2015 saying we were rife for the return of concentration camps on US soil. I was told this seemed unlikely. I have spoken this month with two Times reporters about the current camps. Neither has published a word.
Seriously didn't know spouse (also a journalist) was on an open line for the Pence press conference when I walked into the office and yelled, "What a piece of shit that guy is."
It's fine if the Times doesn't want to use material from me. But by avoiding this history--its own history--when it comes to covering concentration camps, the Times is doing a disservice to its readers and the country. We're revisiting the "enhanced interrogation"/torture debacle
Whether Biden wins or not—and I truly hope he does—we need to stop saying “we are better than this.” We, as a country, are not. And over the long haul, we are going to need to build in more guardrails so the system cannot be hijacked by a demagogue, toddler bully, or tyrant.
I was in the middle of writing my history of concentration camps when Trump announced his candidacy in 2015. He did so many disturbing things ahead of the election. People asked me if the red flags meant inevitable disaster, if we were doomed to repeat grim 20th-century history.
So much of Republican leadership in the last half-century has consisted of making sure the right people are punished. Faced with the current crisis, in which retribution is meaningless, they have no idea what to do.
NEW: NYT columnist David Brooks draws a second salary for leading an Aspen Institute project funded by Facebook, Jeff Bezos' dad, & others. He didn't disclose this to readers. The Times refused to say if the paper was aware of Brooks' second salary:
Everyone wants to imagine they would have stood shoulder to shoulder next to John Lewis on the Pettus Bridge that day. But what you do about what’s happening in America *today* already makes clear where you would have stood back then.
Every night before I go to bed, I email myself the current draft of whatever I'm working on, just to be sure (even with backups and clouds) that it can't be lost. And every night, after I hit send, I see my inbox number tick up and think, "I wonder who sent me an email."
In Feb 1861, when insurrectionists moved to block electoral certification of Lincoln, Gen. Winfield Scott warned each man would “be lashed to the muzzle of a 12-pounder & fired out the window of the Capitol... I would manure the hills of Arlington with the fragments of his body."
The New York Times posted an opinion piece this weekend saying that what we're doing on the border isn't concentration camps, but is more like Vichy internment. I have some concerns about this essay.
I am 100% ready for the era in which urgent phone calls mean someone has died to be over. My wish for you for 2021 is that all the urgent phone calls you make or receive will be good news.
Almost every country that has had concentration camps, including Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, let reporters or observers visit their camps in the early years, in order to show off how clean they were.
I wrote for
@nybooks
about the history of concentration camps and how it illuminates what we're doing on the border. The deep dive I hope everyone will read:
Ominous words from Putin about a “natural and necessary cleansing of the nation” to “spit out like flies” all representatives of a fifth column and “traitors” who do not back the Kremlin line. No wonder thousands are leaving the country in fear.
If you don't have family that listened to him, it might be hard to imagine the effect he had. But Limbaugh taught regular people to take joy in saying the most hateful things they could think of and to mock anyone who cared.
Just a reminder that in the collapse of democracies, the legislature often relinquishes power first, then the judiciary, and then the public itself. It's hard for a lot of people to imagine we're even on this road, but honestly, we're pretty far down it.
I will say, I get less pushback from norms-keepers these days, who seem to realize that GOP judges running interference for the president have been so conspicuous that pretending there’s some meaningful level of judicial independence is a great way to look like a fool.
The success of the vilification of Nazi Germany was that its death cult has been repudiated in most of the world for most of a century. The failure of the vilification of Nazi Germany was that we made Germans seem uniquely evil, as if no other people would ever embrace a monster.
I went to France & visited places like Gurs & Drancy. People were locked up for no good reason in these camps. They got sick in these camps. They died in these camps. Some were deported to Auschwitz from these camps. They were not death camps. But they were concentration camps.
One thing I learned writing my book about concentration camps is that over time, governments tend to bring their technologies of surveillance and detention from colonies/territories/border regions into the centers of power and the heartland.
History shows that any political system, left or right, can be perverted into atrocity. Navel-gazing about this can be useful. But the more relevant question is who has power in a nation today? Which extremists do they embrace? Who gets to kill with impunity? There's your threat.
Basically, the center-right is terrified of the far-left and the center-left is terrified of the far right, and that is causing both to be less willing to criticize the fringe that is closest to them, which many earnestly see as obviously the lesser threat.
If you *ever* took JD Vance seriously, you should probably ask some questions of yourself. He deserves credit for latching onto a good grift. But those of us who grew up poor in Appalachian states know that he's never been anything but a joke.
Interesting that the US is arguing kids in custody on the border don't need soap, because at some of the first detention sites called concentration camps >100 years ago, Emily Hobhouse spent a lot of time begging the British to give soap to children, too.
Everyone, this is NERPA, a dog we met on our August expedition. She lives at the meteorological station on Heiss Island on Franz Josef Land. A Nerpa is a a kind of seal.
My concern here is with the Times' coverage. Through 1941, the Times reported these very French camps, first set up for Spanish refugees and later used for German Jews fleeing the Nazis, were concentration camps. They used that term.
Banning Maus is horrifying in and of itself, for the erasure of apocalyptic, genocidal real-world suffering and the dismissal of complex art. I'm also thinking about kids in Tennessee who may grow up denied even the opportunity to escape the ignorance their parents are embracing.
Why do columnists assume their readers don’t understand Trump voters with racist and exclusionary views? Many of us have decades of experience with family members we love who embrace fear and intolerance. I don’t need a lecture validating or explaining cruelty I see daily.