I study✍📖histories & cultures of Muslim societies in West Africa & African Diaspora c. 1450-pres | Department of African & African American Studies at Stanford
Deep Sigh! This is my prayer for Ramadan. O Allah! Take away my pain. Heal me and others from cancer. Heal the tumor and do not allow it to grow back. O Allah! Give us the strength to keep enduring. O Allah! Do not test your servants with the trials that would overwhelm us.
The access to digitize more than 5,000 Arabic/Ajami manuscripts from Hausaland and Borno since the 17th century is the most consequential event in my
#phdlife
.
For 12hrs daily, I read and translate these manuscripts in order to make sense of the region’s intellectual history.
On this day 35yrs ago,
@MBuhari
, gave an official speech in Borno “Bright Future Awaits Borno State.” Today, he is back in Borno to deliver a similar speech. All the issues he addressed in his February 12, 1985 speech are still the same problems. The only new thing is Boko Haram.
Beyond their service to Islamic education, I personally admire Shaykh Ahmed Lemu and his wife for their complete abstention from intra-Muslim sectarian polemics. They dedicated their lives solely to programs geared towards Muslim unity. May Allah accept and reward them.
In 1926, the British anthropologist and colonial administrator, Charles Kingsley Meek (1885-1965) sold the Borno chess set (known in Kanuri as Tsatsarandi) to the British Museum. C.K. Meek and Captain Lloyd Carson witnessed the game in Maiduguri before he purchased the chess set.
Listen carefully to the speech of Nnamdi Azikiwe in his 1983 NPP presidential campaign. The political facade of change in Nigeria has a longue durée. The more you read Nigeria's archive, century-by-century, decade-by-decade, year-by-year, the more you see the past in the present.
Tunde Asaju's Yoruba Eulogy of
#PiusAdesanmi
at the Memorial Service held in his honor at Carleton University is riveting. Each word in his eulogy evokes a deep sense of self-reflection. It also made me to treasure
@kolatubosun
's work on Yoruba language.
Cc
@farooqkperogi
Most people would remember
#PiusAdesanmi
for his solution-driven writings to Nigeria's political failings. Beyond his public activism, I will unceasingly remember him for his contribution to the field of African Higher Education. Here is a list of some of his contributions:
The exhibition of "Talismanic Arts: Practices of Sacred and Protective Writing from Northern Nigeria" opened on Friday at the Medieval Castel Nuovo Maschio Angioino in Naples, Italy.
Professor Andrea Brigaglia (University of Naples) is the co-creator of this exhibition.
During World War 1, the Sultan of Sokoto and several Emirs in northern Nigeria contributed funds to support the British campaign against the Germans in West Africa. The Shehu of Borno, Abū Bakr Garbai, donated £4000, along with horses and donkeys, on 14 Dhū al-Qaʿdah 1332 (3
Deep Sigh! "No matter how tough those moments can be for you, it is not the end. Guess what? You can still make giant strides going forward." I hope this story will inspire other young academics. الحمد لله New Book (5 Chapters) coming out early Spring 2022.
Abdulbasit Kassim wasn't going to let anything stop him from finishing his Ph.D. at
@RiceUniversity
— not Stage 3 cancer, not 18 months' worth of research getting stolen, and certainly not a pandemic.
Now, an
@ACLS1919
fellowship will help him finish:
Question: How can we improve access to scientific information and knowledge to people who speak very little English, or none at all?
Answer: A hybrid system of education where knowledge is taught both in English and indigenous African languages
Samples of Mathematics in Hausa
As much as I recognize the depth of
@DavidHundeyin
's work, his Arewaphobia impedes his ability to present journalism free from implicit bias. Some of us are Yoruba-Hausa and we don't see North-South issues from one single lens. The tweet below is against the ethos of journalism.
The intellectual history of Muslim societies in West and Central Africa would be incomplete without studying the writings of Hajiya Hasana Ahmed Sufi (b. 1929) and her brother Hussein Ahmed Sufi. Hajiya Hasana was the first woman to study at the School of Arabic Studies in Kano.
I look forward to a complete "open access" world in academia. It is unethical to fetch data from Africa in the name of fieldwork and deny the suppliers of data access to the output. Access to books should not be a challenge in the 21st century. Knowledge should be made free.
A trove of archival records provides support for the evidence showing how external interests in the Western Hemisphere (governments, think tanks, international NGOs) have actively worked to undermine Africa's "energy independence." These records are not conspiracy theories but
I debated long and hard whether to do this publicly, but I think a message needs to be sent to a group of external interests working in tandem with the internal interests described in the quoted tweet to counteract the interests of half a billion West Africans. A message that at
THREAD
117yrs ago on 29 October 1902, Frederick John Dealtry Lugard in consultation with Walter Richard Samuel Miller replaced Arabic & Arabic script Hausa (Ajami) with English & Romanized Hausa as the official language of Northern Nigeria. What were the effects of this change?
Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-Kashnāwī (d. 1742) 18th Century mathematician and astronomer from Katsina. He wrote the astronomical text بهجة الآفاق وايضاح اللبس والأغلاق في علم الحروف والأوفاق confiscated by the French forces in 1890 and deposited at Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
My first Twitter Space will focus on students with Humanities&Social Sciences degrees planning to apply for PhD/Master’s programs. In a Q&A format, I will walk you through the A-Z of Graduate School in North America. Set a reminder January 22 (8pm-10pmWAT)
This tweet directly correlates with the 1967 U.S. Declassified Intelligence Memorandum titled "Nigeria: Communist Influence and Aid" (see the link below), in which the CIA unequivocally condemned Mallam Aminu Kano, Joseph Tarka, Femi Okunnu, Anthony Enahoro, and Obafemi Awolowo
There is only one country that spends so much on foreign propaganda that it openly boasts about bribing journalists in places like Kaduna (imagine who is on its payroll in Lagos and Abuja).
But never mind, America doesn't do propaganda, unlike those pesky Chinks and Russkies. 🙂
You have heard about the wars, slavery & barbarism of Northern Nigeria. But do you know about the region's century-old scholarship? I sat down with my brother
@Jikan_Katuma
to discuss Islamic education, colonial modernity & the historical place of the institution of Almajiranci.
Learning Arabic should be one of your top priorities in 2020. Apart from the theological utility of Arabic, learning Arabic gives you the linguistic pass to read rare materials that can aid you to explore historical and contemporary issues beyond the imperial narratives.
This brilliant piece by
@bulamabukarti
is timely. Thank you for your vocal & relentless demand for justice and respect for human rights. Most importantly, thank you for shutting down the infusion of tribal & religious cards into the
#EndSARS
campaign.
SLS is an exemplary figure for social advocacy. Despite his flaws & mastery of manifold philosophies, his ideas of social change are backed by religio-cultural canons.
Advocacy often succeeds when it is framed with narratives indigenous to society & free from foreign patronage.
Read the following books to understand the journey of Muslims who became Atheists (including the people with sound religious knowledge):
1) The Apostates: When Muslims leave Islam by Simon Cottee
2) The Atheist Muslim by Ali Rizvi
3) The Young Atheist Handbook by Alom Shaha.
This article on Almajiri system was published in Triumph Newspaper Kano on 26 August 1989. The ideas Abdulkarim Bello laid out in the article are the same ideas we are discussing today. The problem is not lack of ideas but generational discontinuities in executing existing ideas.
This opportunity would not have been possible without the support of
@IslamAfricaNU
and
@NU_PAS
. There is a sense of freedom that comes with thoroughly studying the history of ideas that shaped our society from the 17th to 21st century and that is the focus of my dissertation.
🤔of books to read this weekend? Read -
1. Ibn Taymiyya on Reason and Revelation. This book is a comprehensive study of Ibn Taymiyya's Ten-Volume magnum opus كتاب دَرْء تعَارض الْعقل وَالنَّقْل
2. God and the New Atheism: A Critical Response to Dawkins, Harris, and Hitchens.
Northern Nigeria is the most researched region in Nigeria.
More than 70% of scholarship in western academia focuses on the region.
But why is this the case?
Your guess is right
But you might find more answers in Herbert Hall's book "Barrack and Bush in Northern Nigeria".
Zaria is a major center of learning and the springboard of modern education and literacy in northern Nigeria. In this piece, I reflected on the intellectual history of Zaria through the hagiography written by the son of Mallam Iyal Waziri.
The political ideology of Tariq Nasheed is not new. It can be traced to the January 9, 1894 "Lesson of the Hour" speech of Federick Douglass. As a Nigerian, I feel a pang of historical guilt to censure Tariq. Even Sardauna espoused similar expressions in the past.
#SecureTheTribe
ʿUmar b. Abī Bakr b. ʿUthmān (d.1934) author of Tarihin ƙasar Hausa. He worked with German Hausa linguist, Gottlob A. Krause. He also taught Hausa to German Administrator Adam Mischlich who translated Tarihin ƙasar Hausa into German in 1907 as Über Sitten und Gebrauche in Hausa.
I recommend these books to academics/journalists writing about Islam in Nigeria. These books will help you understand the intellectual history of Shaykh Abubakar Gummi away from the one-size-fits-all reductionist conveyor belt theory. Izala’s excos should translate these books.
The declaration of Bornu rulers & masses as infidels by Sokoto caliphate is a historical event I wish never happened. Despite the letters of Muḥammad al-Kānemī (1837) below, the arguments of Sokoto rulers can be used to declare even today's Nigeria's secular rulers as infidels.
Mutanen kirki - These men had sound knowledge of history, culture & religion. They struggled their entire lives to create a just & equitable society free from discrimination based on ethnicity or religion. Indeed, times have changed. Buy these books and add them to your library.
The socio-political discourses in Nigeria are unchanging. The only thing that changes is the actors. These newspaper articles published in 1999 on restructuring are proof of Nigeria's stagnation. The more you engage Nigeria's archive, the more you see the past in the present.
I often wish that those who have passed on had the chance to share their own stories. When I came across this manuscript praising Lugard, I guessed that perhaps the Emir of Bida, Muhammadu dan Umaru Majigi, and his cabinet signed this letter under duress.
The January 1897
In 1936, G.H. Betts stated that only two men in Maiduguri knew how the game was played, Dikwa Village Head and a dead unnamed man. J.T. Adamson claimed that only Abba Bukar, a relative of the Shehu of Borno, and Auno District Village head were the surviving players of the game.
Looking Back at 1903
116yrs ago, the reign of colonial genocide ushered a new social order that created Nigeria.
This manuscript قصيدة نونية وطلبت حفظ الله من اعدائنا أهل الكتاب عمت البلدان offers a different account of the event of 1903 from the records in colonial archives.
Learning about human duality is crucial in historical studies. Duality is the antithesis of a single story. It helps you to come to terms with paradoxes & demystify nostalgic search for perfection in humans. Even when it hurts, it is vital to go beyond a linear view of the past.
It is dangerous to present any group of people as absolute victims or villains. History is much more complicated. Victims can themselves be violent oppressors. The British invaded the Sokoto Caliphate for example. Many of those they attacked were themselves vile slave owners.
Professor Tijani El-Miskin et al edited the two-volume book "Kanem-Borno: A Thousand Years Heritage" in 2013. I have rarely seen anyone citing this book. I wish African scholars based in Africa who write and publish original works can get more credit for their scholarship.
This conflict should never have deteriorated. It could have been averted if only the Muslim community put aside sectarianism and intervened at a nascent stage. I am terrified seeing that another “War Industry” is ready to be launched exactly a decade into the
#BokoHaram
conflict.
66yrs ago, the 17th Sultan of Sokoto Siddiq Abubakar III was made Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II. 1903-1966 videos give you a profound grasp of colonialism in ways that books are unable to capture.
@reuters
#NaijaHistory
It is extremely odd to read Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics or Bertrand Russell's Principia Mathematica and not read مفاتح الضرب of the Zaria-based scholar Sa`īd b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad alMāghumī? How do our forefathers' conceptualize knowledge? Why are we not studying their works?
A few months ago, I had a lengthy discussion with Emir Sanusi Lamido Sanusi about the content of this text, 'fayḍ al-qadīr li-awṣāf al-malik al-khaṭīr', which covers the Kano succession crisis of 1893-1895 between Emir Muḥammad Tukūr and Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh.
He provided
Muḥammad b. al-Ṣabāgh b. Muḥammad al-Ḥājj al-Kashnāwī al-ʿArabī (Dan Marīna) 17th-century Katsina scholar (fl. 1640)
Muḥammad Bello described him as دهليز العلم (hallway of knowledge)
This text مزجرة الفتيان عن طفيء نور الله بالعصيان is one of his writings on theology.
Are Africans in Africa Immune to Global Pandemics?
Since the outbreak of
#COVID
ー19, there have been speculations that Africans in Africa might be immune to the virus. The myth of Africa's immunity to global pandemics dates back to the 1918 Influenza dubbed Spanish Flu.
1/10
Arewa Women
Your protest against GBV
#NorthNormal
is laudable
Going forward, it is vital that you use religio-cultural canons to shape your activism without profane accretions.
Take cues from the work of Aisha Lemu, Ruqayya Ibrāhīm Niyās author of حظ المرءة في الإسلام, etc.
The seal of Muḥammad Bello (1781-1837). It identified his name and official title ʿamīr al-muʾminīn. I am yet to find the seals of other pre-colonial sovereigns. Historically, seals have been utilized as a symbol of authority for securing properties and verifying documents.
It is important to clearly caution against any attempt to draw a historical parallel between Sokoto caliphate and other new jihad movements such as Boko Haram. In the excerpt below from my previous article, I explained the ideational differences between the old and new jihad.
Waƙar Bagauda واقر بغود is an oral-textual history of Kano from the era of Bagauda 747 or 998 AD to Abdullahi Bayero in 1926. Sheshe was one of the kings in Waƙar Bagauda. He ruled from 08/1373 to 11/1373. What type of plague killed Sheshe? Was it the Black Death? We don't know.
I have utilized the resources of different state libraries in Nigeria but the Bauchi State library is exceptional. The conducive environment induces sharp thinking and critical academic reflection. Impressive!
The text of واقر النصاري attributed to Muhammad Aɗɗahiru 1 who was killed by the British forces in the Battle of Burmi in July 1903. It is extremely difficult to read this manuscript and not question the notion of Nigeria. Where are we coming from? How did we get to where we are?
I have listened to stories of how parents bemoaned the enrollment of their children in western schools in Northern Nigeria. In "My Life" Nuhu Bayero Dan-Iyan Zazzau (1916-1989) narrated his mother's opposition to his enrollment at the Mission School of Walter Miller in Zaria.
On April 2, 1953, Sodangi announced the preparations in Kano to celebrate the June 2, 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. In my study on colonialism, I am yet to find an answer to the question: how could the colonized loathe the colonizers and yet admire them so passionately?
@DavidHundeyin
While I commend your speaking truth to power, I fear that the commentaries that followed your piece risk placing all Muslims under the badge of "suspect communities" nurturing a grand Islamist takeover. Please contextualize, historicize & explain the nuances to your audience.
With the plethora of humanities and scientific manuscripts written in Arewa from the time of Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm al-Kānemī, I am yet to fathom why Arewa is described as the bastion of illiteracy, nescience and the derogatory tag "Educationally Less-Developed States"
#FridayThoughts
The compelling questions haunting your inquisitiveness have already been answered. All you have to do is find a library & read. Although most libraries in Nigeria are dysfunctional
@GusauInstitute
in Kaduna is an exception. You will never regret making this library your new home.
How did the Almajiri system functioned as an institution? How was this institution desecrated by the colonialists? How did this institution that produced so many scholars in Bilād al-Sūdān became what it is today? Watch this new documentary
@Jikan_Katuma
Isa Wali's approach to gender discourse in Arewa is unique. In his 9 Oct. 1956 article on "Kulle", he situated his argument in the religio-cultural canon of Arewa. His feminist epistemology is thoroughly indigenous and his writings could be important for contemporary debates.
I hope future historians will not reproduce this image as the image Shaykh ʿUthmān b. Fūdī. The oldest surviving photo was taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826 nine years after the death of Dan Fodio in 1817. Historians need to caution people who use this image for Dan Fodio.
On 10 August 2020, Khadi Muhammad Kani sentenced Yahya Sharif Aminu to death by hanging for blasphemy in Kano. Is the death penalty valid? In this essay, I address the grey questions on territoriality and why the validity of the judgment is questionable.
Although
@DavidHundeyin
's article is well-researched, it was badly marred the moment the author attempted to draw unfounded and conspiratorial conclusions.
On David Hundeyin’s Cornflakes for Jihad
For any aspect of the history, language and traditions of Hausa people anyone seeks to know, you can always find a book on the topic either authored by indigenous African or Euro -American scholars. Ideally, there should be no excuse for ignorance on this subject in 2021.
Nigerian Edition republished as “The Boko Haram Doctrine” by
@OuidaBooks
Since the book was published in 2018, we have received plethora feedback. Even as we still grief over the longevity of this conflict, I hope this book would collectively aid reflection on what went wrong.
#DidYouKnow
(I)
That Asmāʾu ʿUthmān b. Fūdī (Nana Asmau) had a twin brother?
Asmāʾu was born in 1793 with her twin brother Al-Ḥasan b. ʿUthmān b. Fūdī. but he died in 1817. Al-Ḥasan wrote the book سلم الترتيب للخلفاء in 1814. The book is akin to تاريخ الخلفاء of al-Suyūṭī.
Shaykh Ali Arkwayami is a 20thcentury historian from Dikwa. He wrote kitāb dhikr waquʾi al-Rābiḥ in 1901
For daring to write good & bad accounts of history, Ali was arrested & tortured by Shehu Sanda Mandara
I love this verse in his poem"وانما سمي كانور لانهم في اصلهم كالنور"
We need to go beyond fetishization and engage in massive translation and excavation of knowledge from these ancient texts. It is crucial to read, engage, and show the utility of the knowledge embedded in the manuscripts to the past and present of African History. cc
@AjamiLab
Some of the stacks of over 350,000 ancient manuscripts from Timbuktu, Mali, preserved since the 14th century in 60 to 80 private libraries, written way before most European universities were founded.
This grand narrative of Islamist takeover by migratory Fulanis most of whom don't even know the basics of Islam is exploitation of fear I understand the southern grievances & I condemn the nepotism of this gov't, but this issue is criminal not religious. Muslims are also victims.
Shaykh Abū Bakr Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad Gummi wrote the letter below to the Chief Judge High Court of Justice in Kano on 10th December 1981. There is a lot to learn in the 70yrs holistic documentation of his lived experience from 1922 to 1992.
“We have divergences in custom, religion & language. But we have progressed out of the stage in the life of a people where such differences constitute a barrier to unity. We have sought for unity not uniformity”- Sir Ahmadu Bello 15 March 1959. Add this book to your reading list.
NEW BOOK!!!
"Sultan, Caliph, and the Renewer of the Faith: Ahmad Lobbo, the Tārīkh al-fattāsh and the Making of an Islamic State in West Africa" by Dr. Mauro Nobili is a new book published by the Cambridge University Press.
This book is an important treasure of African History.
Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip February 1956 Visit to the Palace of Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi I.
This video confirms one of the seminal questions of Albert Memmi "How could the colonized loathe the colonizers and yet admire them so passionately"?
Source: Reuters
I am pleased to invite you to a two-day virtual conference I am organizing at NYU on April 24th & 25th "The Ties That Bind: Black Atlantic Muslims and African Islamic Intellectual Heritage Across Time and Space." You can register via this link: .
This video confirms the stagnated state of Nigeria's political discourse. The only thing that changes is the actors. By 2023 you will hear a repeat of Nnamdi Azikiwe's 1979 speech on rigging. The more you read Nigeria's archive, the more you see the past in the present.
@Reuters
History books written in African languages tend to be more resourceful than books in Europhone languages. I never imagined finding Hausa-Russian and Hausa-Japanese dictionaries at the library. You would know the value of a language by the number of bilingual dictionaries.
A plethora of historical questions on Bornu would have been hard to decipher without letters of ʿUmar (d.1881) & his father Muḥammad al-Kānemī (d.1837) Other Muslim communities were not as lucky as Bornu. We don't know their side of the story because the records did not survive.
A copy of Ḥājj `Umar Tall تذكرة الغافلين في قبح اختلاف المؤمنين. This text was written in the 19th century at the peak of the Sokoto-Bornu religious conflict. The more you carefully read the history of this region, the more you will thoroughly understand how to we got here.
When
@A_Salkida
reported the leadership change in
#ISWAP
on March 4th, albeit the skepticism attributed to the report, I was CERTAIN the report was TRUE because of Salkida's antecedents.
#ISWAP
has released the audio in Hausa from their encrypted channel. Here is the translation
Historical books in indigenuous languages written by non-academic historians are often ignored in Nigeria's history. Despite the cultural agenda in Buhari Daure's book "TARIHI DA AL'ADUN MUTANEN NAJERIYA", it is one of the most concise books on Nigeria's history written in Hausa.
The cover design of Professor Moses Ochonu's forthcoming book "Emirs in London: Subaltern Travel and Nigeria's Modernity". A prelude to the book was published in a journal article "Colonial Itineraries: Muhammadu Dikko's Metropolitan Adventures" see
It’s Time to Record Your Grandparents’ History
If they are alive in good health, spend quality time with them. Record an interview them. Save it in the family archive. Learn from their life struggles. Review old photos with them and have them help you identify family members.
If you read Arabic and want to understand the religious & intellectual history of Nigeria from the 18th to 20th century,c.1750-1966, I recommend the two books by Dr. Aliyu Abubakar & Professor Shehu Galadanci. Please buy these books, add them to your library & study with friends.
I struggle to find the "African" in the syllabi of African History at universities in the Global North & Africa. Reading primary sources in African languages should be non-negotiable for studying & teaching African Studies & related disciplines. We need to decolonize our syllabi.
I am amazed by the parallel between
@ankaboy
report & the recorded history of rebellions in Zamfara from the expedition of Sarkin Zamfara Faskare c. 1702, the destruction of Zamfara by Sarkin Bābāri c. 1757, the exile of Sarkin Zamfara Mairoki to Kiyawa to the 1891 Mafara revolt.
For nearly three years I have worked with
@BBCAfrica
to unravel the men and reasons behind the increasing Lawlessness in Zamfara and the NW, through this risky journey we encountered bandits like Dantawaye, Aleru, Yansakai and the many victims of these conflict.
William Faulkner said, "The past is not dead, it is not even past"
This manuscript قصيدة في النصح للسلطان من سمع قول الوشات is proof. It was written by Ṭāhir b. Ibrāhīm b. Hārūn b. Mālik al-Fulāni al-Barnāwī (d. 1745) as advice to Mai ʿAlī b. Dūnama on evils of rumor-mongering.
The
#NorthNormal
campaign has shown that the next social change that will defy the status quo is the "Gender Revolution"
But how did we get here? Where are we coming from? Where is the society heading? This book "Hausa Women in the 20th Century" is a good historical companion.
In Al-Mawāʿiẓ wa-al-Iʿtibār bi-Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār, the Egyptian historian al-Maqrīzī narrated how the rulers of Kanem funded Madrasat Ibn Rashīq and sponsored students to study in Cairo. The origin of "study abroad" started in Bornu as early as the 13th century.