TheMauretanian @TMauretanian Twitter profile

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TheMauretanian

1 year

Thread - What do we know about the mysterious and poorly investigated Copper and Bronze Age of North-West Africa ? (3000 BC – 9th cent. BC)

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

19 days

Thread - Ethnic Minorities in Northwest Africa during the Roman Era based on Epigraphy: Settlement Patterns and Dominant Groups

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Thread - The presence of Near eastern and Greek communities in the roman province of Mauretania Tingitana (Northern Morocco)

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Thread - The Carthaginian Army (6th - 2nd cent. BC) - Part I

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

11 months

Arte's latest documentary featuring Cleopatra Selene II portrays King Juba II as played by an actor of West Afr. descent, contributing once again to the erasure/delegitimization of modern NAs. Funny how the bust of him shown in the documentary bears no resemblance to the actor...

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 months

During the 1st millennium BC, some Berber populations spread across the Sahara, notably using chariots (two-wheeled and four-wheeled). They formed a warrior caste practising slavery and subjugating certain Saharan communities.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

According to some byzantine sources (VIth century) Africans spoke more "pleasingly" and more "elegantly" latin than Italians so much so that the byzantine elite looked for african teachers.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

10 months

Thread - Protohistory of Tunisia and its Aegeo-Anatolian influences - 2nd millenium B.C.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

During the Xth and XIth century, as the berbers became more powerful and prestigious in Al Andalus. Arab elites began to imitate them (including the Arab elite of Cordoba), which led to a fear of "Berberization" in many circles :

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

Prior to the extensive language levelling in North Africa during the early roman era, some north african communities may have spoken languages related to iberian languages such as Tartessian or Basque.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

4 months

Reconstitution of the triangular palace of Hasdrubal the Fair (Hannibal's brother-in-law), built between 228 and 221 BC in Carthagena (Spain), which became one of the most important cities on the Iberian Peninsula under his reign (Source: Iván Negueruela 2015).

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

8 months

Thread - Carthage vs Syracuse : Agathocles' expedition to Africa (311 - 306 B.C.) - Part I : Context and first expedition

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Thread - The Carthaginian Army - Part II : Mercenaries and Cavalry

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Some paintings of moroccans in their everyday life by Louis J. Endres (Trips to Morocco between 1926-1930) :

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

6 months

You won't find this document elsewhere online: Facial reconstruction of an Iberomaurusian from the Neolithic period by Hadjouis Dj. et al. 1999. Aged 25-35 with a cranial capacity of 1625 cm3. He had double dental avulsion (common among IBMs) and had darker skin than shown.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

In 1578, the Saadian sultan Ahmad Al Mansur started the construction of the El Badi Palace in the Kasbah of Marrakech a few months only after it's victory over the Portuguese at Wadi Al- Makhazin. It was described as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "earthly paradise"

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

9 months

Short thread - The presence of Greeks in Carthage

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Relations between Carthage and the neighboring Libyans worsened in the mid-7th century BC due to an influx of Phoenician settlers fleeing from the Neo-Assyrian expansion. Facing resistance and unable to expand inland, Carthage had to import food and sent settlers abroad.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

Portraits of north moroccan men taken in 1897 by Gaston Buchet.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

11 months

Western media consistently strips North Africans of their history, and further contribute to racist and revisionist ideologies that seek to appropriate our history. Here are more examples of historical NA figures being portrayed by Black actors :

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Thread - Muttines the Libyphoenician officer or how the incompetency of the Carthaginian army during the 2nd Punic War led to the loss of one of its most valuable officers

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 months

Short thread about the exploration journey of five ancient Berbers from the Nasamonian tribe in sub-Saharan Africa around the late 6th century to early 5th century BC

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

4 months

The analysis of ancient mummies from Tenerife (Canary Island) shows : - the elites were healthy (tall stature, marked sexual dimorphism,etc) - high % of cranial traumas indicating constant warfare - signs of Inbreeding - meat/dairy-heavy diet (50-70%) - dark hair and eyes

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

In the late 13th cent. BC, Egyptian sources describe an invasion led by Libyan King Meryey, who employed European mercenaries. Contrary to previous assumptions, these Libyans were not impoverished refugees but rather wealthy enough to recruit thousands of mercenaries from

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

23 days

When it comes to Africa, it is often said that ancient Greeks never settled west of Cyrenaica, due to the strong Phoenician presence. However, some elements suggests that Greek settlers may have established themselves in northern Tunisia before Carthage expanded into this area.🧵

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

5 months

Around 518/517 BC, Spartans led by Dorieus (brother of the Spartan king) tried to establish a colony near Lepcis Magna in western Libya. Feeling threatened, the city sought Carthaginian aid, leading to the expulsion of the Spartans with the help of local Libyans (the Macae).

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Thread - The Carthaginian Army - Part III : War Elephants, Chariots and Siege engines

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 months

From the 6th cent. BC, Phoenician writing and language underwent profound changes in Africa that led to the emergence of a new dialect known as "Punic," which survived the fall of Carthage, though its last stage was influenced by Libyco-Berber and Latin.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

In western Algeria (near Frenda), we find 13 pyramid-like mausoleums built for moorish christian princes during the Vth-VIth century A.D. probably belonging to one or two dynasties which ruled over the area for at least two centuries. credits : J.C. Golvin

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

The Berber revolt of 740 and the defeat of the Syrian army sent to suppress it led to the exhaustion of military manpower in Syria, put an end to the expansionist policy of the Umayyads and made Abassid Ifriqiya one of the most militarized provinces (1/3 of their forces) :

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Punic was spoken in Africa until the 6th cent. AD, and it might have lasted until the 10th cent. AD according to Al-Bakri. African Latin persisted until the 12th cent. AD and could have survived until the 15th century AD in specific areas of eastern Algeria and southern Tunisia.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

11 months

Here some depictions of King Juba II : 1. Bronze bust of Juba II, Volubilis, 20 B.C., Collection of the Rabat Archaeological Museum, Morocco 2. One of the oldest bust of King Juba II, sold in an auction in 2015 (France) 3. Silver denarius depicting Juba II, 20 AC. - AD. 20,

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

@Arab_Intel Utiliser son décès pour promouvoir ta propagande...😐

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

In Italy, St. Augustine was ridiculed by locals for his accent, as Africans apparently struggled with distinguishing long and short vowels. He adds : "For being secure because of one's training is completely different from being secure as a consequence of one's origin ".

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 month

Short Thread - The site of Althiburos (Tunisia) : insights into the Culture and Lifestyle of an Ancient North African Community (10th - 7th centuries B.C.)

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

4 months

Iberomaurusians were "impressively" and highly resilient both demographically and culturally (no major collapse like in Europe ca. 6200 BC), partly explaining why agriculture did not spread as widely in the Maghreb as it did in the rest of the Mediterranean basin.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

10 months

Carthage's site appears to have been already occupied by indigenous people before the arrival of Phoenician settlers, and they quickly formed a significant part of the population of Carthage (as early as the 8th cent.BC). Moreover, the city attracted diverse Libyan communities.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

The indigenous canary islanders according to the manuscript of Leonardo Torriani (1592) - Thread

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

10 months

During the reign of Juba II, his capital city Caesarea (formerly known as Iol) stood as one of the largest cities in the Roman West (150ha at least)with extensive walls spanning 370ha. Its amphitheater surpassed even the Colosseum in size, making it the largest in the Roman World

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

6 months

1) Head of a Libyan Boy, 120 CE, Berlin, State Museums 2) Head of a Libyan Boy from Alexandria, late 1st cent. CE, Pushkin state museum of fine arts 3) Heads of Libyans from Cyrenaica, Demeter and Kore Sanctuary, Cyrene, Hellenistic era and 2nd cent. CE (for the man), Marini 2018

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

During the late XIIth century, the almohad caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur erected the greatest mosque of the medieval islamic West in Rabat (185m deep by 140m wide; minaret of either 86 or 66m high depending on the sour.) surpassing in its dimensions the great mosque of Cordoba

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

9 months

This paper presents a new sample of a fully North African individual (I32304) buried in the Pećine necropolis (Viminacium site) during the 2nd to 3rd century AD. Unsurprisingly, this individual aligns with the modern North African cluster.

Nrken19

@nrken19

9 months

New big study out focusing on the Balkans especially the Slavic part: “A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations”

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

8 months

Thread - Carthage vs Syracuse - Part II : Agathocles in Africa (311 - 306 B.C.)

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

From the late 2nd century onwards, historians note a rapid expansion of christianity in NW Africa which led to the first latin translation of the Bible and the emergence of an important number of christian thinkers. By 230, it had more bishops than any other west med. provinces.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

4 "Nimcha" swords taken from moroccan (Salé) and algerian corsairs (Oran/Algiers) during the 17th and 18th century. They are single edged sword with in most cases a curved blade and a distinctive hilt with its forward pointing quillions and a 90° "hooked" pommel.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

Intermarriage between greeks and libyans was common in Cyrene and Barca according to Herodotus. Cultural exchanges went both ways and unlike other people (syrians,thracians,...) most libyans stayed independent and did not constitute a slave pool for the greek world.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

29 days

Numidian kings were represented by governors in the cities of their kingdom, who commanded the garrisons and collected taxes. It is also known that many cities served as the headquarters of financial districts and contained the royal "treasures". 🧵

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Herodian called Septimius Severus "a man of libyan stock" as did Cassius Dio. The latter also highlights the moorish origin of the emperor Macrinus and it is widely accepted by historians that this emperor had African roots.

mat

@mattiemarko

1 year

@cysaeyci There were no “berber emperors” , won’t even comment on arab ones lol. All roman emperors, until the crisis of the third century, strictly came from italic families.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

It appears that King Juba II's expedition to the Canary Islands (early 1st c. AD) may have also involved the establishment of purple dye production workshops. One such workshop was recently discovered on the islet of Lobos, situated between Lanzarote and Fuerteventura.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

7 months

Here a rare and little-known type of Numidian shield, showcased on the San Omobono monument in Rome. The shield has a distinctive shape not found elsewhere in the Mediterranean basin, featuring a depiction of a winged serpent. It seems to be more of a votive or ceremonial shield.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

28 days

This depiction of the Libyan giant king Antaeus by Euphronios (515-510 BC) draws inspiration from the appearance of the Libyans. He is distinguished from Heracles by his long, matted hair, a long pointed beard, and most notably, a prominent brow ridge and slightly aquiline nose🧵

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

1. Numidian cavalry and infantry; 3rd cent. BC 2. Numidian Nobles; 3rd cent. BC (even though that would be more representative of the 2nd cent. BC imo) 3. Carthaginian cavalryman, officer with standards and libyan cavalryman 4. Libyan spearman, veteran spearman and javelinman

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 months

I've just received the newly published book from Osprey about the events of the Second Punic War in Iberia. I'll keep you updated on what i think of it.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Great thread, but I disagree with the statement "Little resistance". The Maghreb resisted the Umayyad conquest the longest, taking nearly a century to be fully conquered. By 740/1, Morocco and much of Algeria had already freed themselves from Umayyad rule.

Varangian Chronicler

@Varangian_Tagma

1 year

In the preceding decades the armies of Islam had swept across North Africa meeting little resistance. The Amazigh population readily adopted this new faith, the Bedouin ethos meshing well with that of the hill tribes of the Atlas Mountains & herders of the scrublands.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

There were apparently North Africans fighting on Athens' side during the Peloponnesian War. In 410 BC, "Chalcidian cities" rent 5,000 Libyan soldiers (and 800 campanian mercenaries) from Carthage, who were subsequently dispatched to bolster the Athenian war effort.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Most sites in NW Africa were indigenous settlements and, in the case of Morocco, had orthogonal urban plans, public spaces (Agora), their own magistracies and mints. These urban entities were mainly built with mud bricks and rammed earth but had sandstone/limestone foundations.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Moorish incursions in Andalusia prior to the muslim conquest ? We know from epigraphic and literary evidence that during the late 2nd century AD (c. 171-177), 2 moorish incursions occured in Baetica (southern Spain) and included prolonged sieges of cities (notably Singilia Barba)

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 months

Roman Numidia in "Those About to Die" ... meanwhile the environment in which most Numidians would have lived, a Roman Numidian city and an anthropological study has shown that Numidians were similar to modern Berbers, with the exception of the Tuaregs.

Amar m’a tuer

@Amar_ma_tuer

2 months

La numidie vu par #ThoseAboutToDie On est d’accord qu’on est plus proche du Royaume de Kouch ou de l’empire du Ghana que de la Numidie ? 😂 @PrimeVideoFR

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Sardinia held significant importance for the Carthaginian Empire, to such an extent that it was the only overseas region regarded as an integral part of the Carthaginian state. It served as a granary and was heavily exploited by both North African settlers and local inhabitants.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Thread - What we know about the Numidian Army Late 3rd cent. BC - 1st cent. BC

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

Not many people know that it was common for rulers in Al-Andalus to marry local women and therefore many of those caliphs ended up being mostly european in origin but also in appearance. For instance, 'Abd ar-Rahman III had to dye his hair in black to look arab :

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Some Numidian Mausoleums by J.C. Golvin: 1) El Khroub Mausoleum (E. Algeria, 2nd c. BC, 30m high) 2) Atban Mausoleum (W. Tunisia, end 3rd c. BC, 21m high) 3) Beni Rhenane Mausoleum (W. Algeria, 2nd c. BC, 30m high) 4) Chemtou Mausoleum (W. Tunisia, 2nd c. BC, 10m high)

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

3 months

@menavisualss Not sure if we can call it "carthaginian" given that it was a War trophy from Campania owned by a libyan soldier who fought in Italy during the Second Punic War :

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 months

H. Lhote suggests that these chariots derived from those of Egypt or those of the Sea Peoples who allied with the Libyans in the 12th cent. BC against Egypt.The analysis of those chariots shows that they did not differ much from Egyptian chariots except in their harnessing system

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 months

These populations settled in the Tassili n'Ajjer, the Acacus, the Aïr, the Adrar des Iforas, and ultimately reached the Sahel and West Africa, where they introduced the horse to the local populations.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

7 months

M. Fantar suggests, based on scant literary and epigraphic evidence, that the kingdom of Mauretania, particularly under Bocchus I (late 2nd cent. - Ist cent. BC), had a council comprising members of the royal family, clan chiefs, friends, and others, as well as a college of 5...

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

9 months

In 1922, Spain enlisted Amerindian soldiers to defend the city of Melilla in Northern Morocco against Riffian soldiers. The majority of them did not return to America...literally native americans fighting berbers who would have thought ?🤯

Moroccan Royal Academy ۞

@MRoyalAcademy

9 months

En 1922, l’Espagne a envoyé trois bataillons de Yankees… dans le Rif 🇲🇦. Ces soldats exotiques vont participer à la défense de Melilla contre les rifains. Ils ne reviendront jamais chez eux.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 months

Before vs My new MyHeritage V2 results: 100% Moroccan, specifically from North-East Morocco, which is accurate. I also have relatives in western Algeria on my paternal side.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

5 months

I'm currently in Greece and for a few weeks so i'll be inactive for a while...

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

1 and 2 : Two berber men from the Aures mountains (eastern Algeria) taken by J. Rigal between 1881 - 1906 3 : A woman from the Aures (ait sidi Abderrahmane) taken by Paule Barret-Recheilen in 1937 4 : either a chaoui or tunisian berber couple by Heinz H. Baudert between 1962-66

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

It seems that the punic presence and influence in ancient Morocco has been greatly overestimated : even if commercial and some cultural exchanges are evident, there is no evidence of military occupation or colonies being founded by them nor of architectural or religious influence

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

Portraits of eastern algerians (mostly kabyles) taken in 1889.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

10 months

I've just finished a book on the Tunisian Bronze Age, and it was well worth it. Despite our limited knowledge of this period, the data suggests a significant Aegean influence via Sicily and Malta. I'll create a thread or update my protohistoric Maghreb thread with these insights.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

3 months

To ensure the security of Africa and Spain, Hannibal moved 15k Iberian allies (Olcades, Mastieni, Oretani, Turdetani) to Africa (Carthage/strait of Gibraltar) and 14k African allies (Massyles, Masaesyles, Maccues, Metagonites, Libyphoenicians) to Spain along with 300 ligurians

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

I just learned about the yearly Roman festival of El Djem (ancient Thysdrus) in Tunisia, and I'm wondering if there are any other festivals of this sort in the MENA region.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

The ancient city of Lixus, one of the oldest phoenician foundation in the west med. and famous for its temple of Melqart shows evidence of a pre-phoenician phase with materials associated with late bronze age sites in Northern Morocco and Iberia. It apparently had a megalithic

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

19 days

Let's start with italians : The proportion of Italians in the population is difficult to quantify because the local population in some areas became heavily Romanized. Italians appears to have been primarily attracted to and concentrated in port cities and administrative centers.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

11 months

Thread - Description and Analysis of the Royal Mausoleum known as the Medracen - 4th-2nd century B.C.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Roman cavalry mask showing the portrait of a Numidian or Moorish Prince (Late 1st- Early 2nd century AD) used in the hippika gymnasia ; It may possibly depict Lusius Quietus, the Moorish commander who was considered by ancient writers as one of the greatest roman general.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

A few portraits of Moroccan ambassadors : 1) Ahmed Ibn Ahmed Quadran-Nasir (England; 1707) 2) Mohammed Ben Ali Abogli (England; 1725/26) ⬇️

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 month

Keita 2018 analyzed 12 "pre-Hannibal" Carthaginian skulls (b. 247 BC), finding them closest to the ancient Maghrebi series. However, they resemble ancient Phoenicians more than modern Kabyles, indicating, according to Keita, both local and Phoenician ancestry.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

2 busts of young libyans found in Cyrenaica (1st-early 2nd century AD)

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

The ancient city of Volubilis, during the pre-Roman era (by François Brosse) and early 3rd century AD (by J.C. Golvin). At its peak, it covered an area of 42 hectares and housed between 10,000 to 12,000 inhabitants.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

I will not delve into the Carthaginian naval forces in this thread to keep it concise. However, I might consider creating a separate thread dedicated solely to it later.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

A new study by Ringbauer et al. shows that there is a clear north african shift among the samples from the punic west med. and surprisingly little to no evidence of a levantine impact. Also an iron age algerian sample (numidian I suppose) plots with modern north africans.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

11 days

During the Antonine era (2nd cent), prominent African families formed a powerful lobby around the imperial power, rivaled only by the elites of Asia Minor. Africa also supplied the empire with the best jurists and lawyers, leading Juvenal to call it 'the foster mother of lawyers'

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Historically, Greco-Roman literature often assigned different stereotypes to Punics including the idea that they were not particularly inclined towards military matters. Indeed, it is evident that they had a distinct approach to warfare, possibly due to their focus on trade.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

The Phoenician colonial enterprise had primarily commercial objectives and took great care to avoid arousing hostility among the peoples they encountered. This is why early Phoenician settlements had a defensive nature with probably small militias but not proper armies yet.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Mitochondrial DNA analysis of 10 Saharan individuals from the Wadi Tanezzuft Valley (5000-3500 B.P.) shows an intermediate genetic profile between Eurasian and SSA clusters during the early period. Recent period aligns with Eurasian cluster, resembling modern NAs mtDNA.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Punic architecture in Tunisia by J.C. Golvin : 1) Carthage's sea wall and its monumental gate during the 2nd cent. BC 2) Byrsa Hill and its temple of Eshmoun (Carthage; 2nd cent. BC) 3) Street of Kerkouane during the 3rd cent. BC 4) Punic houses in Carthage (Byrsa); 2nd cent. BC

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

4 months

Possible bust of Lusius Quietus, a Mauretanian tribal chieftain whose exceptional skills in Trajan's Dacian War earned him governorship of Judea and command against Parthians and Jewish rebels. Trajan apparently considered him as his heir, but Quietus was ultimately assassinated.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

19 days

The Spanish migration seems to have been much more substantial than that from Italy. Spaniards predominantly settled in Mauretania Tingitana (northern Morocco), followed by Carthage and the region of Cirta in Algeria.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

The ancient numidian site of Althiburos in modern day Tunisia shows evidence of independent cattle domestication, indigenous urban settlements, viticulture and ironworking outside of any phoenician influence. ⬇️

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

11 months

What's interesting is that people often underestimate their european roots but they actually felt spaniard, read spanish authors and some were so desesperate to come back that they were even willing to offer a Moroccan city to the Spanish crown

Nemets

@Peter_Nimitz

11 months

The Moriscos, 3-4% of Spain's population, were expelled from 1609 to 1614, ending Islam's 903 year presence on the Iberian peninsula.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

@zriboua just delete this

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

6 months

Thread - I managed to get my hands on two rare books by Michel Ponsich about the ancient history of Tangier's region (NW Morocco). Here is some interesting information and new insights about the Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the region.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

Phoenician settlements were already multiethnic/cultural during their archaic phases. Recent findings in Utica, an older settlement than Carthage, reveal a blend of Phoenician and local Libyan pottery, as well as imported Greek and Sardinian pottery (Same for Carthage).

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

3 months

"Facial Reconstruction" of a punic skull from Puig des Molins (Ibiza, Balearic Islands), 5th-2nd century B.C. by Simon Lygo

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

1 year

@Manora23 Egypt should simply ban any researcher who supports Afrocentrist or Eurocentrist opinions from its territory, and even prohibit any university from conducting explorations/research programs in Egypt if they support these far-fetched theories.

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TheMauretanian

@TMauretanian

2 years

A preliminary study on the biological affinities of 8th to 11th century Muslims from Ecija (Andalusia) shows links with the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa ; no evident middle eastern influence is detected :

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