In the Soviet children’s story “Mister Twister” an American capitalist arrives in Leningrad only to realize there are black guests in his hotel. The outraged American seeks out all-white lodging, but is ridiculed by hotel staff as a racist and ends up sleeping in a hallway.
Prior to the Russian Revolution, ice cream and frozen treats were exclusively enjoyed by the upper-classes. The new Soviet State introduced ice cream to the masses, a feat enabled by a fervent ideological commitment to both rapid mechanization and social equity
Today's thread about Russia's slide into fascist insanity will be dedicated to an object seemingly innocuous but actually responsible for much of what Russia is today.
Behold the worst Soviet-made weapon of mass destruction, Plombir.
No, this isn't Bruce Banner's sperm test.
In the event of victory, the Nazis envisioned the ethnic cleansing of 80-85% of the Polish population. The Soviets rescued Poles from an unimaginable horror, and this false equivalence trivializes the genocidal violence practiced by Nazis
@gayest_tone
Trading one autocratic regime for another is not liberation. It wasn't until the Berlin wall fell that Poland regained anything resembling independence. You can kick and scream about it all you want but very few Poles miss the Soviet days.
It’s very telling that an Israeli official cited the Leningrad siege as a model for Gaza. One historian described the Nazi siege as “the greatest act of genocide” next to the Holocaust during WW2. The siege entailed systematic starvation of an entire city alongside mass bombing
@Is_Not_Brian
in the Seymour Hersh article, he claims an Israeli official specifically told him they were leaning towards a “Leningrad approach” as a preferable alternative to a direct assault
One radical group that emerged from the Russian Revolution were the “Biocosmist-Immortalists.” On their revolutionary agenda was the “abolition of death” and the “resurrection of the dead.” They saw bringing back Lenin from the dead as a particularly urgent task for socialism
The claim that wartime rape was a uniquely Soviet crime is one rooted in the Nazi imagining of the Soviets as a savage “asiatic horde.” Americans were just as bad in this regard, yet the sexual violence of Western allies has been purged from historical memory.
What did ruSSian victory in 1945 look like for those in the ruSSian zone of occupation?
Well here is an example.
During the final period of the war and the period of occupation that followed, Soviet soldiers committed mass sexual assault on a horrifying scale.
It is estimated
The “legend” of Simo Häyhä is a product of Finnish nationalist myth-making. There is no evidence to suggest that he killed that many people—the absurdly high “542 kill count” is war propaganda that was never confirmed by even Hayha himself, as shown by the historian F. Marjomaa
This is Simo Häyhä. Otherwise known as “The White Death”.
He fought against the ruSSians for Finland in the Winter War of 1939-40.
In less than 100 days, Simo is credited with decommunising 542 Red Army personnel. Making him the deadliest sniper in history.
This is truly mind
The gaza siege is a “textbook case of genocide”—in the words of the Holocaust historian Raz Segal. Indeed, 800 scholars of international law, conflict studies and genocide studies had just signed a public statement warning of the possibility of genocide being inflicted by Israel
I guess my feeling is:
— It's not really possible to conduct a sustained military campaign in Gaza without killing a lot of civilians and this is important to consider.
— That's just not what genocide is. Like, at all.
A Soviet man recalls his childhood visit to a chocolate factory, where he encountered a giant chocolate bust of Stalin—a gift for the leaders 60th birthday. The bust accidentally toppled and shattered, and the visiting kids were told to eat Stalin off the floor by panicked staff
This is bad history, because it confuses the historical Soviet famine with its social memory and construction as a nationalist narrative of martyrdom (Holodomor). The way Ukrainian nationalism and antisemitism has shaped the famine’s memory politics is widely documented
The Holodomor wasn't made up by Ukrainian nationalists. We have first-hand accounts. It did happen.
And while Japanese internment was definitely bad, it was not worse than the deaths of millions.
The USSR absolutely had the moral high ground when it came to war-time antisemitism. The Soviets actively suppressed antisemitism and pursued policies of affirmative action for Jews, achieving a degree of social equality for its Jewish population unprecedented in Russian history
@jh_swanson
My grandmother was in Leningrad during the Blockade, a young Jewish woman surrounded by mostly Russians. Let's just say that Russia has *zero* moral high ground in the discussion of antisemitic violence during the Second World War. None.
A apocryphal story amongst the Bashkirs retells how Stalin sought the wisdom of a sufi master on winning WW2. The Sufi master revealed that the Soviets would win, but only if Stalin converted to Islam. Stalin declared “There is no God but God, and Muhammad is His messenger."
Andrew Jackson’s genocidal empire-building in the “American West” was the nineteenth century equivalent to what Hitler carried out in the “Nazi East.” Both pursued aggressive expansionism through racial extermination. One major difference being that Jackson actually won.
Andrew Jackson is easily my favorite American president
...to learn about.
Here are some crazy facts about him.
(this is a thread so buckle up, buttercup)
1930s USSR saw the mass integration of deaf people into society. The deaf-mute was considered an “invalid” in the NEP era, but now became a “modern Soviet worker.” The state ensured that sign language education and translation services were made available to all deaf people
Jewish partisans participated in the Koniuchy massacre, where civilians, mostly women and children, were slaughtered. Its not surprising that resistance fighters emerging from conditions of unimaginable brutality into a bitter fight for survival would carry out mass violence
This is false. The Soviets did not bury the history of Babyn Yar, as both Russian and Yiddish language journalism (and arts) brought these tragic events to the attention of a Soviet readership. Notably, this was made possible by the advocacy of Soviet Jewish intelligentsia
Eighty-two years ago, Nazis murdered 34,000 Jews at Babyn Yar. Soviets buried this history, which today Putin's government manipulates to provide cover for Russia's abuses in Ukraine. The U.S. is committed to justice for Holocaust survivors and accountability for atrocities.
Soviet nostalgia is not remotely the same as colonial nostalgia because its not just old Russian guys who are nostalgic. There is widespread nostalgia among central asians and ethnic minorities who bemoan the loss of an “affirmative action” state that safeguarded minority rights
A major factor in the genocidal escalation of Nazi antisemitism was a perceived security threat of Jewish resistance, as the Nazis began retaliating against uprisings and Partisan attacks through the murderous collective punishment of Jews🧵
This idea that the depopulation of Indigenous people upon contact was inevitable is a stubborn myth. The sheer magnitude of death was enabled by dislocation, warfare and imposed conditions of starvation—these factors destroyed indigenous societies capacity to recover from disease
Every time someone says something like this about the Americas it's uber cringe
The vast majority of Native Americans were going to die completely regardless of European actions because most of them were from disease
The Nazis and their goals were, in fact, worse
The notion that “the Nazis were gay” is unfounded and flies in the face of existing historical evidence. Gay people were not overrepresented in the Nazi ranks nor was acceptance of homosexuality a component of their ideology—which, in reality, was always thoroughly anti-gay
"If homosexuality disappears, fascism will vanish"
This is the infamous line from the Soviet political thinker Maxim Gorky.
Here's how a Communist arrived at a typically *Christian* morality and why that's relevant to our current context - 🧵
The notion that the Italian fascists were benign allies to the Nazis is a myth. The distinctly modern and “scientific” organization of Mussolini’s brutal settler expansionism in Africa was studied closely by the Nazis who explicitly emulated these practises in Eastern Europe
“Stanning” John Brown is really not consistent with a left liberal capitalist worldview. Brown was opposed to the capitalist system and decried its relations of “wage slavery.” Brown’s own son described him as a kind of (non-Marxist) Christian communist
In 1928, the Soviet State created an “Independent Children’s Republic” within one of Moscow’s public park complexes. This adult-free “children’s city” was basically a giant playground and game-centre, but it fulfilled an important political function 🧵
Jews played a prominent role in Germany’s colonial rule over Africa, which included the genocide of the Herero. The experiences of colonial empire-making exposed Jews in the German colonies to ideas of racial superiority and settlerism that shaped the development of Zionism
@shlumpsters
I know none of this is in good faith, but I never understood this whole "European settler" thing about Zionism. Zionism is a REJECTION of Europe and European-ness! Am I crazy, here?
In reality, Louverture had no qualms with mass killings of whites (or other enemies) if he deemed it politically or militarily advantageous. He just delegated these massacres to his subordinates. Your view of Louverture is a sanitized one, palatable for a liberal audience.
Hard to imagine a revolutionary figure more unlike the Hamas butchers than Toussaint Louverture, who maintained strict discipline among his troops, punished violations against civilians of all backgrounds, and worked to protect and integrate the former colons into a new society.
The notion that wartime Soviet deportations were equivalent to the Holocaust and its planned expansion throughout Europe pending Nazi victory is blatant Holocaust revisionism. It minimizes the unparalleled magnitude, scope, and expansionist ambition of Nazi racial extermination
The death of Stalin was experienced as a kind of apocalyptic event of mass hysteria across the USSR, traversing social, ethnic, and professional lines. Here are some remarks from Soviet Central Asians overwhelmed with grief, as they struggled to comprehend a future without Stalin
The source for this communism death toll is not reliable. The cited author, Matthew White, has no background in history or statistics, and does not do any archival research. His book is “informed” guesswork that includes dubious estimates rejected by specialists
How come Communism killed something like 85 million people*, or double any other ideology or religion ever and we gave them another shot to take over the West? How are we this stupid and gullible?
*source. Atrocities by Matthew White
Originally released in 1933, the poem was republished in various editions over the years. It was loved by generations of Soviet children who embraced its message: racism has no place in the USSR.
Upon independence, Lithuania exonerated hundreds of local Holocaust perpetrators and Nazi collaborators who had been previously convicted by Soviet military courts after the war. “Lithuanian resistance” seemingly entails resisting any accountability for vile and horrific crimes
Lithuania never joined the USSR. Moscow illegally occupied our territory, so we resisted until we restored our independence and the Red Army went back home.
We're not post-soviet, we're never-soviet.
The USSR was not “ethnonationalist.” It was a multiethnic state that facilitated extensive migration between its different republics, enabling a rich cross-cultural exchange—which included food. Soviet cuisine was comprised of regional dishes from throughout its vast territory
A 1950s Soviet train conductor had misinterpreted a speech on the Radio and believed Stalin had declared war on the U.S. He immediately asked to be relieved of his duties so he could wage "war against the American uncle sams" lol.
Mussolini’s anti-slavery campaign was used to justify Italy’s imperial enterprise as a humanitarian “civilizing” venture. Fascist abolitionism gave racial expansionism a progressive veneer, sanitizing the use of concentration camps, chemical weapons, and other colonial atrocities
After Italy invaded Ethiopia, Mussolini abolished slavery in the country. Slavery was legal in Ethiopia until April of 1936, when the Italians abolished the practice, because of this, Mussolini freed nearly half a million slaves in the country.
Once Stalin’s formidability as a leader became undeniable, Himmler came up with the cope idea that Stalin was actually of a "lost Nordic Germanic Aryan blood type.” Stalin’s leadership could not be reconciled with what they saw as “Judeo-Asiatic”barbarism intrinsic to “the east”
This Soviet soldier became the “NKVD imam” of his unit, secretly leading his fellow Muslim soldiers in prayer. Upon being discovered by a non-Muslim officer, he tried to claim they were actually just praying to Stalin. The lie was obvious and a friendly theological debate ensued
No, there is a widely documented historical and ideological affinity between fascism and liberalism. The historian Hugh Adler had accurately described the early fascist state in Italy as “liberal-fascism” given its embrace of classical liberalism and free market ideology.
WW2 broke out as a result of diplomatic failure that can largely be attributed to the West. Michael J. Carley, a specialist of WW2 era diplomacy, has persuasively shown how ideological anti-communism led the West to recklessly spurn Soviet pleas for an anti-Nazi grand alliance
Stalin: killed millions in the USSR and started WWII, making Holocaust and other atrocities possible, and then made sure millions are killed in the Russian camps again.
Russians:
Actually, the early German theorists of Lebensraum explicitly cited American settler-colonialism as the ideal model for German ambitions in the east. The concept of Lebensraum was deeply influenced by a German-American dialogue that is widely documented
@roomtemp_fanta
@KazuyaProta
The roots of Lebensraum were actually drawn up during the First World War, with Ober Ost, the Septemberprogramm, and the like. That’s also when the Hunger Plan emerged. This had long been a theme in German nationalist mythology, the desire to expand to the East.
An example of "class first" chauvinism in 1920s Turkmenistan. These Turkmen used the language of Marxism to defend traditional and patriarchal marriage, claiming the emancipation of women would "alienate poor and landless male peasants"
The notion that the Soviets “hid the Holocaust” is just blatantly false. The genocide of European Jews was explicitly described in the Soviet press, and was discussed openly.
How George Washington felt about Indigenous people was nearly indistinguishable from how Israeli leaders talk about Palestinians, as these passages show. Here we see a common worldview of settler colonialism and genocide that was, and continues to be, put in practice 🧵
George Washington has far more in common with Hamas than he does with the US regime.
He fought an anti-colonial war to free his country from occupiers.
Washington would be PROUD of what these students did, and disgusted at the phony patriotism of the Zionist Right!
The claim that Stalin thought computers were an “evil product” of capitalism is just completely false. Stalin’s scientists were deeply interested in computing and saw it as a politically-neutral technology that had emancipatory potential under socialism.
Stalin enlisted the help of Muslim leaders to mobilize muslims in the war effort. With his blessings, the rehabilitation of Islam saw Soviet Muslim leaders declaring a “Holy War” against Hitlerism. The Muslim elite framed this as a global Islamic struggle, not just a Soviet war
For some context, it’s important to note what directly followed the early Red Army failures of 1941-42: “the most profound and rapid turnaround of any military organization in history” leading to a series of a historic victories, and a military triumph without parallel
Another book finished. Main points:
The Red Army in 1941 was one of the worst in the world. Its cadres and soldiers were demoralised/incompetent. Its equipment was badly maintained, its rear services nonexistent, its forces maldeployed.
Most of that can be traced to Stalin:
Cars were a vexing problem for the Soviet leadership. They were well aware of how they symbolized American consumerism, but eventually succumbed to popular demand and expanded car production. It was indicative of the ailing USSR’s inability to construct an alternative modernity
Stalin-era personal diaries of everyday people exhibit a collectivist ethos tightly integrated with the state. Memoirs reveal practices like people dividing phases of their lives into "five year plans" modelled after official Soviet balance sheets and industrial development goals
In this Stalin-era personal diary, a young man reveals how he navigated a stressful love triangle. Letting go of both women for the true love of his life: The Communist Party
When asked his thoughts about America, Stalin’s chief cultural propagandist, Gorky, said “I think that your civilization is the most revolting civilization on our planet.” His book on America portrays its ordinary population as uniquely uncultured and materialistic. He’s right.
Davies & Wheatcroft, who’ve written the most detailed research on the 1932-34 Soviet famine, describe how these victimhood narratives obfuscate the unintended famine’s complex impersonal causes. This is done to misrepresent the catastrophe as a willful act with murderous intent🧵
Tankies call the Holodomor fascist propaganda and deny that it was a man-made famine.
What is the reaction of many Ukrainians whose ancestors died during the Holodomor? Hatred of the left.
And then some Western leftists complain that Ukrainians are too right-wing. 1/10
The “Great Stalin Plan forthe Transformation of Nature,” was the world’s first state-directed effort to reverse climate change. The plan foresaw the creation of six million hectares of new forest—an area greater than all the forests of Western Europe.
The infamous Soviet food line was not just reserved for basic food staples, but, at least in the postwar period, could provide quantities of luxury food items as well, such as chocolates, ice cream, and even cognac to working people.
The genocide of Indigenous peoples was not the unintended outcome of disease, but a deliberate campaign of human eradication. Disease was interdependent with processes of purposeful murder and land theft, and can’t be untangled from overlapping forms of violence and mistreatment
Its impossible to assess Stalin's merits without accounting for his invaluable role in securing Soviet defeat over Nazism, a world-historic accomplishment increasingly recognized by military historians who've studied Stalins war record closely using new material from the archives
The U.S government broke their treaty with the Lakota over the discovery of gold, stealing their land and carving the faces of four presidents into the mountainside—an image designed by a Ku Klux Klan sculptor who envisioned the monument as a shrine to American imperialism
In the early years of the Soviet State, the Bolshevik V.N Shulgin called for the “liquidation” of all schools and traditional instructional programs. Lenin spurned this suggestion, insisting that the scientific and technical basis of socialism necessitated a state school-system.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki were enabled by the widely held American belief in Japanese subhumanity. American methods of war cannot be separated from the US’ own racial hierarchy that represented the Japanese as an inferior, beast-like race deserving of exterminatory violence
Everyday white Virginians viewed Nat Turner as a “monster” whose slave revolt was driven by an inexplicable bloodlust. When relations of racial subjugation are so normalized, revolt against these relations defy moral explanation. This is the “common sense morality” of colonialism
8) The question is how the left can increase its power and influence such that it is a less ineffectual actor on this issue (and others) in the future. I think responding to mass murder like an ordinary person is more conducive to getting the unconverted to trust your judgement
In the Stalinist steel plant, the most dangerous and challenging jobs were highly prestigious and were awarded with high pay and Stakhanovite glory. This is in contrast to the American steel plant, where the most dangerous jobs were relegated to blacks and hispanics for low pay
The thread I’m QTing is a bizarre and incoherent melt-down that reveals a complete inability to understand Soviet nostalgia, which they mistakenly associate with Russian nationalism and the ongoing war.
It’s disturbing to see the Auschwitz Memorial page minimizing Eastern European participation in the Holocaust. The Holocaust was created by Germans but became a Europe-wide crime. This included use of non-German Trawniki guards at camps like Auschwitz. That’s an indisputable fact
@jh_swanson
During the time of operation of Auschwitz, some 8,100-8,200 SS men worked there as part of the camp garrison. In our online lesson we talk about about various aspects of the functioning of the SS garrison in the Auschwitz camp complex, its organizational structure and everyday
Polish President Duda is a Holocaust revisionist who has attacked historians for shedding light on Polish participation in the Holocaust. Historian Jan Gross faced a libel probe for stating an indisputable historical fact: Poles had killed more Jews than they did Nazis during WW2
Polish President Andrzej Duda took part in nationwide observances Friday to honor Poles who risked - and often lost - their lives trying to save Jews from the Holocaust during the Nazi German occupation of Poland.
Leading historians of war-time USSR, like Rieber and Roberts, write that the Soviet-Nazi pact was common-sense diplomacy that better positioned the Soviets in the fight against nazism. Liberal commentary on the USSR tends to be completely divorced from the actual historiography
Its pathetic when self-professed communists concede everything to right-wingers about the USSR. Someone who writes about socialism and ecology should know about Stalin-era USSRs colossal and unprecedented environmental/conversation initiatives to protect forests from industry
People do tend to overlook how closely associated genetics and eugenics were in the past. The hegemony of Lysenkoism was, in large part, an overreaction to Nazi Eugenics. Polish geneticists like Skowron embraced Lysenkoism because of their experience in Nazi concentration camps
Lysenko does make more sense when you realize a solid 90% of genetic research at the time was just Eugenics.
He was still wrong but he makes more sense
Ice cream was in some ways bound up with the promise of Soviet socialism, which held that every woman, man, and child was to be taken care of. Having fair and equitable access to a simple treat during the trying years of postwar reconstruction was a mark of pride for Soviets
The notion that Stalin had a nervous breakdown after Germany attacked has been discredited. Archival evidence reveals that Stalin pursued a busy schedule immediately following the attack, authorizing 20 decrees and making several important war-time decisions
Whatever criticism one may have of the postwar USSR, it is not remotely comparable to a hypothetical Nazi rule which would have entailed racial extermination, enslavement, and depopulation of Slavs.
The nazis made their ambitions to racially subjugate Slavs very clear. For instance, this 1943 speech, when an SS leader describes Nazi intentions to brutally exploit Slavs as colonized subjects, and references Britain’s colonial project of racial supremacy as inspiration
It’s worth noting that there was substantial popular opposition against De-Stalinization, as many Soviet citizens had highly positive associations with Stalin and Stalinism which they could not reconcile with the claims made in Khrushchev’s secret speech.
@Hakaiizer
@TheoryGf
OK Khrushchev lied and every high ranking party member who knew the truth said...nothing. Marxist Leninists all over the world who knew the greatness of Stalin said....nothing. How on earth can you have socialism for 20-30 years and one guy gets up and slanders the whole system
The British Empire was an ideological predecessor to the nazi state and its concept of racial hierarchy was consciously emulated by the Nazis. Colonial India actually served as the model for nazi plans in a conquered Eastern Europe. The British Empire was a proto-fascist regime
Soviet Ice Cream held a different cultural position in relation to American ice cream, where it has an association with indulgence and obesity. In the (post) Soviet world, eating ice cream is understood as communal and public activity associated with a socialist past,
Soviet Improvements in refrigeration technology after the War had a marked effect on food production. Ice cream became a signs of post-war prosperity. In contrast to capitalist nations, only high quality ingredients were used, while prices were kept cheap and uniform everywhere
The portrayal of Jews as the shadowy orchestrators of revolt is a longstanding antisemitic caricature popularized by Hitler himself in Mein Kampf. Hitler saw Jews as embodying mass politics—the inciters of rebellion and social unrest. This was at the heart of Nazi ideology
Perhaps this contributed to Hitler’s begrudging admiration for Stalin, as he swore to show him leniency in the event of Nazi victory. Although the feeling was not mutual and Stalin was clear he would have Hitler and his cronies all shot
Where people would buy it from a cart on the streetside and socialize. Nostalgia for Soviet ice cream can also be understood as a nostalgia for a time when the state actually expressed and attempted to honor its commitment to the public
It was not American industry and lend-lease that defeated the Nazis, but Soviet generalship and valour. The bulk of lend-lease aid only arrived after the victory at Stalingrad when the Eastern Front was essentially unwinnable for the Nazis.
It was American industry that defeated the Nazis.
By end of the war, there were huge numbers of Ukrainians in the Red Army, perhaps more than "ethnic Russians" (whatever that means). So Ukraine, not modern Russia, deserves the credit (alongside American industry).
The claim that Stalin led an anti-Semitic campaign is a myth that has been endlessly recycled as a self-evident truth despite substantial counter evidence. The historian Christopher Read points this out in his excellent biography of Stalin
No, mandatory state schooling has not always gone hand in hand with racism. Due to anti-literacy laws in U.S slave states, black freedmen saw schooling as inseparable from Freedom. This is why Reconstruction-Era black radicals demanded compulsory and universal state education
In reality if you talk about the way mandatory schooling has always gone hand in hand with racism and attempted erasure of indigenous cultures and other such racist atrocities, they’ll pearl their clutches and talk about how “comparing the oppression of youth to racism is rude”
The claim that the Soviets purposely let the Nazis quell the Warsaw uprising is dead wrong. The collapsing German military position made it seem possible for the anti-Soviet uprising to prevail. For the Soviets, this made it *more* urgent they capture Warsaw first
@WhiteMaoTseTung
"Liberated it" by halting their advance so the Nazis could quell the Warsaw Uprising. Liberated it by refusing to allow free elections. Do fuck off.
Geoffrey Roberts has written the most comprehensive assessment of Molotov's war record and correctly concludes that his diplomatic maneuvering was essential in forging both the grand alliance that won WW2 and a post-war stability that deescalated nuclear risk in the 60s & 70s
The characterization of Russians as subhuman “orcs” needs to be viewed in light of the post-WWI far right turn in Ukrainian nationalism, which began to conceive national identity in eugenic/racial terms. Russian aggression and alleged Jewish complicity became fixed racial traits
The constituent assembly was dismantled because it proved incapable of delivering a functioning government. R-SRs were the one party disconnected from the worker councils, and did not have support of the army or villages—this made the exercise of political sovereignty impossible
It’s also worth noting that the “RuSSians” Häyhä did kill would have included a significant number of Ukrainians and Central Asians, so it’s strange to see someone with a Ukraine flag emoji in their name gloating over Ukrainians being killed.
It’s utterly wrong to conflate the typical war-time disinformation practice of spreading “atrocity stories” with extensively documented historical events universally recognized by historians. The British perfected this in WW1, propagating lurid stories of rape and baby killing
This was a *trade*, and the Soviets benefited from advanced German machinery. Hitler prioritized arming Soviet forces over equipping his own military. The Nazis handicapped their own military production to produce valuable weaponry for an enemy who went on to destroy them with it
A significant number of Soviet citizens continued to support the USSR and swear by the use of repression even after they themselves had endured harsh prison terms. For example, purge victim Marshal Rokossovsky refused to denounce Stalin, stating “for me, Comrade Stalin is sacred"
Soviet famine survivor testimonies are not a substitute for actual social scientific investigation and historical research. They can’t tell us anything about the origins or causes of a famine, and can only shed light on the immediate experiences of those who lived through it.
The notion that the USSR was a "colonizing power" in Central Asia is wrong. Unlike actual European colonial powers, the Soviets mobilized women into education, careers, and activism, realizing unprecedented political and economic freedom for women in the region
Democracy and repression were not mutually exclusive in 1930s USSR, as historians like Goldman have noted their interdependence. What we call the “Great Terror” was really multiple (yet related) processes that entailed both popular participation *and* staggering violence
The American Revolution was not progressive because its strengthening of slavery impeded the unfettered development of capitalism. The patriot cause was unified through a call-to-arms against "insurrectionist" slaves and Indians, a rallying cry that defined the new White Republic
“Our Cause is just. The enemy shall be defeated. Victory shall be ours.”
- Molotov, June 1941 (Radio Speech)
These words were wildly optimistic at the time, but were vindicated when the Soviets rose from the depths of defeat to secure history’s greatest military victory
There is this tendency to project the current russia and Ukraine conflict back into history, which really makes zero sense in the Soviet context given that Ukrainians *were* Soviets who by and large earnestly believed in and fought for the Soviet project.